Criminal Justice System College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Justice System College - Essay ExampleIndeed, as early as mid-1990s criminal justice constituents such as police force firms, independent lawyers, national agencies and law enforcement personnel have had an eye on emerge potentials of Internet and computer not only as tools for cost speciality and performance enhancement but also as tools for wider community awareness and decision making. A 1997 keynote speech by Jeremy Travis - Director of National embed of Justice Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences - for example, has addressed, among other issues, IT question as of deep impact on criminal justice and law enforcement practices (Technology in Criminal Justice). Specifically,With the click of a mouse, we nooky enter the libraries of the research institutions of the world, retrieve a document in foreign language, have it translated into English, and print it in our home. Police officers responding to a 911 call can rag the crime history of a particular location online, check the background of a particular hazard apply fingerprints, fill out what we used to call paperwork in the squad car by using ahand-sized computer, and return to patrol. ... Probation officers can track the movements of probationers using electronic monitoring devices victims of domestic violence or stalking can be alerted when monitored individuals get within a specified range community groups can access computerized crime maps to understand the patterns of crime and disorder in their neighborhoods investigators can quickly scan hundreds of databases to learn about the most intimate details of multitude under investigation. (Travis) This is apt ultimately, according to Travis, to spread knowledge and awareness about crime and justice within and between constituents. Interestingly, new breeds of law firms have been emerging specifically offering advice on retrieval of electronic legal data as well as training for law enforcement personnel on managing electronic resources. Ac cording to one authority - Michael Arkfeld - on electronic document retention, discovery, production and admissibility of electronic information, Arizona has been a leading state in providing Internet access to justice system data, forms and legal tools to citizens and practitioners free of charge. Moreover, State Bar of Arizona has provided fully searchable ethics opinions as of 1985 online as well as an online facility for clients to root lawyers by last or first name, firm/organization, practice area, area of specialization, section membership, language spoken, city, or state. Arkfeld suggests a range of ideas for a more efficacious crime and justice system such as settlement and pretrial conferences on-line, ordering court documents over Internet, electronic filing, actual court documents searchable on-line, witness appearances via Internet, netmail DATA MANAGEMENT ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 5notification of court orders, jury

Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Identity Essay Example for Free

Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Identity EssayI grew up in a atomic number 18na whose native verbiage is not slope. But I grew up saying the incline terminology nevertheless. In my home, we had access to English shows which I was constantly exposed to at a very younker age. This is the reason why I learned English without much conscious effort. The language learning was taking posture within the sub-conscious, which is the best way to learn any language constant exposure at a very young age.Mei-Yu (1998, paragraph 2) once said that in the acquisition of oral language, young children are active agents, constantly refining and defining the inputs that they get from their surroundings in way that makes sense to them. Children create hypotheses about language rules, constantly filtering them through active engagement with the to a greater extent competent language users in their immediate environment. Unconsciously, they learn to recognize contexts and begin acquiring fine discrimination in their use of a language. Looking back, I guess the constant exposure to the English language is the reason why I grew up knowing how to use it.There was never a conscious effort on my part to use or learn English, because it was already ingrained in my person. The people in my household knew English and spoke it on many occasions. I also had access to English books which strengthened my phonological awareness or sound-symbol relationships. This happened side by side while I was learning my bring forth language as well. As a child with a facility for the English language, I was subject to an excess of attention that I would not energise received otherwise, had I just communicate our native tongue and nothing else.There is a prestige attached to the English language that makes people in my country take a here and now look and listen closely to what I have to say. They also make speculations as to whether my family is reach and if I grew up in the United Stat es or have been travelling there on a regular basis. Such is the high stature of the English language in my country that if you speak it well enough, most(prenominal) people that you are rich or your family is. Growing up, my situation as a multi-lingual was regular(a) more fascinating.Perhaps it was because as I grew older, I became more aware of peoples actuations, and I am also more able to discern their motivations for why they act the way they do towards me. In my country there is a fascination for the English language because there is a fascination for the country. My people look at the United States as magical place where dreams come neat, and life is generally better. To them, it seems like those who can speak the English language have greater chances of going to the United States as well.This general plan extends in every situation. That is why in every conversation where my ability to speak the English language is displayed, people seem to treat me better and net inco me me more attention. Some beats, in order to avoid embarrassment, I hide my fluency in English when interacting with my community. Clearly, there is an overt favor towards those who speak the language, as if we are better than the rest of the local people. This is consistently true in all areas of endeavors, from school to social, to professional career.It is a sad situation, but true nevertheless, and I apply my fluency in English and strive to make more of myself, in order to meet societys expectations. Sometimes it can be difficult, onerous to rise up to expectations, but I felt that it was my duty to do so, especially for those who sincerely believed that I could. The situation changed when I moved to the United States. If you are multi-lingual, you are regarded as ethnic, especially if your pronunciation has a very thick and recognizable accent. You go out be subject to stereotyping, and in some cases, be even regarded as second class citizens.While I am not saying that eve ryone will react negatively to your accent or your use of your mother language, it is a reality that there are some people who will take it against you. If there is any field that multilingualism is always an advantage, and that is in the corporate world. This is especially true in the age of globalism, where most companies deal with overseas transactions. Being multilingual means that I can communicate with my colleagues, and at the same time be able to communicate with a client or supplier who speaks my mother tongue, but nothing else.Thus, I am able to bridge the conversation gap and make sure that there will be no misunderstandings and conflict later on because of the language barrier. Actually, upon deeper reflection, I realize that people do not react to your multilingualism as much as they are reacting to the accent or how you speak the English language. The lesser your accent, the better people regard you. And this is true regardless or what place you are in. What we speak and how we speak, speak about our history as an individual. How we speak makes a statement towards who we are as a person. And people, for better or for worse, react to that.In an era of increasing globalization, more and more people want to learn English to make themselves more sellable and competitive. However, the value of the mother tongue should never be forgotten. Our mother language keeps our identity intact and sets us apart from the rest. Knowing English is the ship that will help us to get where we want to go, but it is our mother tongue that will be our anchor the one that will help us commence our way should we get lost. Reference Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language Learning in Social and Cultural Contexts. ERIC Digest. Retrieved April 14, 2007 from http//www. ericdigests. org/1999-2/language. htm

Sex DIfferences Essay Example for Free

Sex DIfferences EssayThis test performed by the males and females in the Tuesday 4pm psychology lab, was d hotshot as a getting even of the Halari et al experiment in London in 2005. The supposal in the original experiment was that women will, on average, gain a higher verbal suaveness score than men and men will, on average, perform more accurately than women on mental rotation. The results obtained from Halari et als (2005) clearly prove this hypothesis correct. The results in like manner rejected the null hypothesis which says that men and women will not differ with respect to verbal and spacial performance. Our replication experiment to a fault proved the hypothesis of Halari et als (2005) experiment correct and rejected the null experiment.Our experiment fol mortifieded a certain systemology. In the mental rotation line, distributively actor was to resolve 50 questions which contained the stimuli each of which showed 2 shapes rotated and the participants were to judge whether they ar identical or not. As evaluate males had a higher accuracy level in this this task comp ard to females. In the verbal fluency task, the participants were given 3 categories fruits, vegetables and animals. They had the instruction to write down as many items from the relevant categories as possible. As expected females had a higher accuracy level than the males in this task.In the methodology used in our experiment did contain some weaknesses that whitethorn have influenced the results. Our experiment was as free from bias as possible in order to make the results accurate and reliable. For the mental rotation task, every participant received a different set of stimuli, so that the participants could not copy each other. This produced reliable results. However this methodlogy contains a debility. The stimuli ranged from sets of intimately distinguishable shapes to much harder ones. Since the stimuli was randomly chosen for each participant it is possible that o ne participant may have received completely the hard ones (females) and another may have received all the easily recognisable ones (males). Another debility in this methodology was that the set of stimuli varied in difficulty as discussed earlier.Also their rotation patterns varied. So some sets were tho rotated once while other sets were rotated to an extent where some ofthe faces were indistinguishable hence breaking the pattern we perceive causing our minds to get bleary in recognising the stimuli correctly. This is clear in the categories used in the verbal fluency task which have no form of gender bias whatsoever. The categories chosen are generic and known well to both males and females. An example of a gender bias category would be something like computers which is more biased towards males than females. While a catergory morebias towards females would be make up. However despite having no gender difference there was a weakness present in this method slope as a second lan guage. Our group of participants contained people of different ethnicities and nationalities. Which meant that not all have english as their first language. This in grow proves to bea weakness to our expeirment as those people who possess english as a second language, wont be able to think of english words as fast as in their own language, (all words written had to be in english). This would have present a problem for much(prenominal) participants as they would have had to think of a word in their own language and then translate it into english. This could have decreased some of the participants performance as time span was limited to one minute.Overall, the results obtained from this experiment clearly suggest that men and women specialise in different cognitive abilities in relation to spatial capacity and verbal competency. These results solidify that boys and girls-and men and women-are programmed by evolution to behave differently from one another is now widely accepted, (The Economist, 2006). These results indicate the theory posed by Harvard president, Larry Summers to be true. He pointed out the detail that the number of women in professions which require a spatial understanding such as mathematics, engineering are few, (The Economist, 2006). This however does not state that women have no spatial capability, it only suggests that in comparison to men women are weaker in spatial understanding. Nevertheless this does not say that these abilities are completely innate. These cognitive abilties can be trained, so a woman with a PHD in engineering will definietly have a higher spatial capability than a man working at Countddown.According to our results men and women vary in terms of cognitive abilities. Men pop out to be better at spatial tasks while females at verbal fluency. This variation is deemed as occuring due to the common battle nature vs nurture. It is said that the track downer upbringing plays a big part in understanding the reasons for thi s variation. When a child is born depending on the gender, parents tend to choose either blue or pink for that child. This stereotype created by society may unwillingly fit young boys and girls into their stereotypical roles. According to, The Economist (2006) it was believed that boys and girls favour different toys.Where boys prefer cars, trucks and guns, girls prefer dolls and tea sets. However this was disapproved and it was found that girls and boys are already different when they are born due to the hormone, testosterone. When a child is born, it experiences two surges of testosterone- one during gestation and one shortly after birth, (The Economist, 2006). The production of testosterone is higher in males than in females hence creating the boy-like behaviour we all talk about. This testosterone is said to be the reason for why boys tend to look at mobile phones longer than peoples faces, the way females do. But the basic theory is that the high levels of testosterone in male s produces the rough play.While the low levels in females generate the nurturing tendency in them hence causing them to prefer dolls and tea sets, (The Economist, 2006). Unlike the Halari et al, (2005), the experiments conducted to prove this theory did not contain hormone tests. therefore we cannot conclude hormone levels being the main factor responsible for the variance in cognitive abilities. It is more commonly believed though that the interlacing of both mixer upbringing and hormone levels is what causes these differences. Although women have that low level of testosterone, by nature they are constructed to be thenurturers. Therefore females tend to prefer the dolls to play with as it is an recitation towards their future role as a mother where it is needed that they speak and interact more often with their children. Women on average speak 20000 words a day, 13000 more than men, (Mail Online, 2013). This confirms the findings in our experiment where females were found to h ave ahigher verbal competency. At the same time bynature males are constructed to be the strong protectors. Therefore males tend to prefer the cars or guns to play with indicating towards warrior-like behaviour. This point is also argued by The Economist, (2006). They believe these differences are genetically there via hormone levels and the social stereotyping solidifies the roles that they are genetically made for.This experiment was carried out to distinguish the differences between males and females on a cognitive level. The mental rotation task which tested for spatial ability exhibitied an inclination towards the males as their accuracy levels were higher than the females. However, the verbal fluency task exhibited an inclination towards the females as their accuracy levels were higher than the males. The results obatined from these two independent tests were back-to-back forward, though both can be bettered.The spatial task deduced that males possessed a higher spatial abili ty than females however the task was not tight related to real life. A true test would have been one that would have provided us with examples of real life where these abilities would have needed to be used. For example, good-looking the participants a set location to reach and allowing them to guide themselves there. This task would have displayed spatial ability in real life conditions. The verbal fluency task conclude that females possessed a higher vocabulary level however this task lacks in fairness in terms of language. Not every participant had english as their first language causing them difficulty within the one minute time limit. To better this limitation, perhaps next time all participants could be of same background with english as their first language.Also since we replicated the Halari et al (2005) experiment perhaps a better imitation would have been to also carry out the hormone tests. With the tasks we performed the results suggested that men were better at spati al tasks and females at verbal fluency however we cannot generalise this statement. Thus the hormone tests may help us solidify this conclusion. This theory is proved by our experiment as well. Although our experiment did not contain hormone testing like the Halari et al, (2005) our results concluded that males have a higher spatial capacity. This ability is an indication at the warrior-like protector behaviour. Females wereconcluded to have a higher verbal competency. The results we obtained from our replication of the Halari et al, (2005) helped us conclude the difference between the cognitive abilities in males and females hence proving our hypothesis correct.

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies Essay Example for Free

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies EssayThe essence of HR is very strategic and when properly aligned, HR contributes to a successful system and the financial underline. The alignment between HR and the strategy of an organization starts with a strategy-focused maestro. Secondly, the HR system has to be created in alignment with the organizations strategy. HR needs to en accredited that employees are strategically focused (Becker Huselid, 2001).Every element of the HR function, from hiring, compensation, reviews, training, etc. , needs to be developed in order to append the human capital in the organization. Once the gap is recognized, HR needs to measure itself to guide itself, and show what its worth as an ongoing strategic segment. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of HR strategic role expansion depart prove itself to be worthy or not as a benefit to the bottom line. HR is viewed as the people department and/or resource.The organizations people ultimately determine the effectiveness of strategy development, implementation, and concomitant competitive success. A strategic approach that is aligned with HR ensures that an organizations employees, skills, and abilities contribute to the achievement of its business goals (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). HR Data warehouse Selected chance will be responsible for jut out, implementation and systems expertise of the data warehouse components focusing primarily on business objects Xi.The scope of technical expertise includes design and development of BO reports, security set-up of medium to high complexity levels as well as the ability to coordinate projects with business personnel and other members of the project teams deep down the organization to ensure that system requirements, deadlines and priorities are clearly defined and achieved. HR Associate is the best HR related job opening I would pick to apply in FORD Motor Group. I believe it is an incredible opportunity a company in transform ation can provide priceless experience for human resources professionals.I also get to partner with the organization to build a skilled and motivated team and enabling them to perform at high levels. With exciting products, a long history and a bright future this job position will surely allow me to expand my professional horizons. An organization needs to acknowledge that HR is important to its business success. In order for HR to achieve this recognition, it must have the right people in place to carry out a strategic initiative. HR needs to define the competencies and skills that it will need to be a strategic contributor.Outstanding HR personal will need to build their business knowledge, financial skills, as well as consulting skills. Furthermore, HR personal will need to become technologically oriented, so they can be free from routine administrative work, as well as leverage information about the workforce. Enabled by technology, HR will be able to play a more strategic manag erial role (Frangos, 2002). Advertise job positions in locations and forums with a widely diverse interview and readership.Opt for local and regional papers, magazines, trade publications and television. Recognize the cultures that may already be present in the workforce. Not confusing diversity with minority. Make sure to include everyone in my attempts to celebrate diversity. Network with various diverse organizations will provide with the opportunity to showcase the company and its diverse workers. Using such forums to stress the companys dedication to diversity will likely increase interest from diverse individuals.

Counselling and Guidance in Education

Counselling and way in EducationGuidance simply means instruction or direction. As a dictionary definition, Guidance means help and advice much or less how to do something or slightly how to deal with problems connected with your work, growth, or soulfulnessal relationships. This depot is strongly related with the profession of education as it is apparent from these definitions. For that effort a loose definition of Guidance specifically about education can be verbalize as culture that is provided by the coach or teacher for the guest to assist the learning of skills much coreively.A term similar to counsel but various in some ways is called centering. The ACA (1997), adopted Counseling as the application of mental health, psychological, or human organic evolution principles, which are carried out through with(predicate) cognitive, affective, behavioral or systematic intervention strategies that address comfortablyness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.Gustad, John W. Berdie, Ralph F. (1953), defined Counseling as a learning-centered process, carried on face to face in a relax environment . In this atmosphere a professionally competent counsellor, seeks to aid the client by the allow methods to the clients needs. The aim of this process is to learn more about himself and accept himself and have an idea about how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more get aheadly perceived, realistically defined aims. Thus, at the end of this process, the client may become a happier and more fat fragment of his society. harmonise to Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea. (1991), in the educational aspect, Counseling could be defined as assisting students to pack them gain skills or competencies in some important domains such as personal-social, educational, and career domains. The focal point in schools should include allocating world-shaking amounts of time to promote or team-teach developmental learning activities in the classrooms.In the school context, in pasture to manage efficient pleader to the students some issues should be emphasized highly in the instruction classs. For instance Personal-Social Skills, Career Development Skills and Educational Skills of the students should be examined in detailed and carefully. Furthermore, while counselors trying to aid the students, they also must consult with parents, teachers, separate educators, and various community agencies with the aim of to help these students to deal with more good personal and educational problems, both privately and in small collections.( Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea,1991)Although today Counseling Guidance is an essence in any grade of the school, actually it is a relatively unfermented aspect of education when the vast experience in the field of teaching is compared. Jesse B. Davis, basic men who provided a systematical school counsel program as a curriculum into an English course achieve it only at the beginning of the 20th century. This late appearance of counseling can be explained by the pioneers and followers statements. Davis reasons his achievement later his being backed by a non-partisan school board in which Sears and Coy (1991) agreed by accent the influence of the nature of school systems and principals and different administrators belief about counseling, in their article The Scope of Practice of the Secondary School Counselor.When School Counseling term first intaked in the early 1900s, it was actually referring to Vocational Guidance. Lambie (2004) states that this guidance was more like todays Career Counseling with a decoct on the transition from school to work, giving importance to an appropriate client occupation match. It was just an enhancement for the post-school vocational adjustments of young race as superior (1955) indicated. What he did is mentioned in School Counselor Job Description (Garland, 2008) In 1907, Jesse B. Davis became the pr incipal of a high school and encouraged the school English teachers to use compositions and lessons to relate career interests, develop character, and avoid behavioral problems. From that grew systematic guidance programs, which later evolved into comprehensive school counseling programs that address three basic domains donnish development, career development, and personal/social development.According to Schmidt (2003) Frank Parsons, who is generally referenced as the Father of Guidance was also focusing on backing the youngs transition into a suitable vocation on the basis of a mutual benefit amid the youngs desires and abilities and an occupations requirements and environment when he first opened his guidance clinic in Boston in January,1908. Parsons in his book Choosing a Vocation expressed his aim in guidance in three principlesA clear understanding of yourself, your interests, skills, aptitudes, ambitions, resources, limitations, and their causes.Knowledge of the requirement s and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities, and prospects of different lines of work.True reasoning on the relation of these two assorts of facts.Lambie (2004) states that E.G. Williamson expanded Parsons vocation guidance principles and created the Trait and Factor theory which was the first guidance and counseling theory in the 1930s. This theory simply means matching of personal abilities and aptitudes and job factors like salary and atmosphere and this type of counseling is known as Directive or Counselor-Centered. Later in his book How to Counsel Students (1939), Williamson expressed that he and his colleagues were associated with their directive or counselor-centered approach to school counseling. According to this approach, school counselors need to provide students with information and gather facts to influence and motivate at the same time. According to Lambie (2004) this directive administrative style of working with students is exempt an expectation of school counselors in the settings where school counselors expected to enable desired student behavior with minimal input or contextual influence.According to what Burnham (2003) stated as a historical fact until World War I which gave more reasons to test soulfulnesss, the term heavily used was Guidance. However after the Great Depression Counseling became a widely known term by all educators. As the time of World War II came, The U.S. political relation requested assistance from counselors for selecting military and industrial specialist which created a ampleer emphasis on psychological testing from then on. And that directly influenced school guidance in the end.Until 1940s, when Carl Rogers wrote the book Counseling and Psychotherapy New Concepts in Practice, there was non such a great effect on the development of the counseling profession and modern counseling approaches as Schmidt (2003) stated. Until World War II, Freuds psychoanalytic therapy an d Williamsons directive approach were the only foundational theoretical models. According to DeCarvolho(1990) Rogers psychological secular humanism movement appeared as a response to the mechanical reductionistic view of people which is extended by psychoanalytic and behavioral theories. As Dewey (2007) stated Rogers practiced non-directive or person-centered therapy contrary to his predecessor and in this therapy the client determined his or her own direction of change. Dewey (2007) also stated that in his works Rogers first used the term client and later simply person instead of using patient as he was implying the voluntary search of his clients for a helping relationship other than an involuntary relationship. Cobia Henderson (2003, as cited in Lambie,2004)expressed that following the inception of Rogers work, the term guidance began to be replaced in the literature by counseling, within which guidance is encapsulated.What is certain from Bardhoshi (2009) is that throughout t he century-long history of the profession of school counseling, school counselors roles have expanded and changed according to the focuses of each decade. However, in order to bind counseling process sound almost always these two methods have been offered individual or convention counseling. there are some practical differences between these two types in the branch of school counseling. Basically, individual counseling is a relationship in which a counselor seeks to help children understand and accept themselves. It provides an opportunity for children to explore their feelings, abilities, and interests so that they make maximum use of their potential. On the other hand, group counseling is used for a wide range of student concerns and interests most of which are related with development like making friends, being comfortable with physical changes, emotional decisions, and learning problem-solving skills.(Burnham,2003) In this article, we aim to compare these two methods in detail to find the part/superior style. As a matter of fact, both of these counseling types have some advantages disadvantages compared to the other one however the frequency of use of them shows only a matter of preference.In the article Understanding Individual and Group Counseling(2009) it is mentioned that Individual Counseling is a type of counseling which aids people to make clear their concerns, investigate the results they have tried forrader, and at the end, assist them to find new strategies to deal with their problems. Learning new problem-solving or coping skills, increasing self-understanding, exploring vitality patterns, and gaining a better sense of how their surroundings influence them could be included in the individual counseling process.In a more educational aspect, individual counseling also could be defined as a collaborative process in which a unique, confidential helping relationship is developed between a counselor and a willing client (student). In this relati onship, the role of the professional counselor is a facilitator to assist the student to have more blameless knowledge about him/herself and the world around him/her. In a cooperative way, both the counselor and student tries to explore the student s emotions and behaviors, relationships with others, choices and decisions, as well as the students s current situation.In individual counseling processes, at first, it is necessary that the counselor should collect some personal, intellectual and emotional information about the students. It will be quite helpful to the counselor, in order to decide which counseling strategies will be most appropriate and beneficial for the students. Moreover, in this process, new ambitions could be formed.( Understanding Individual and Group Counseling,2009). Murthy(2003) also suggests a list of features a counselor for individuals should have, like knowingThe details about the client including the people who are the most influential people on his/her l ife and problems itself,The social and cultural background of the clientAbout the treatmentSpecial techniques to facilitate a good dialogue, to improve motivation and problem solving skills and to provide supportAnd havingA warm, genuine, understanding and caring attitudeGood communication skillsRespect for the clientObjectivityOn the other hand in the book of Individual and group counseling in schools(Dustin,Ehly,1989) the components of an effective individual counseling listed as the followingsEstablishing a baselineSpecificity in behavioral description, goal setting, and evaluationContracting for behavioral changeUsing reinforcement procedures to strengthen behaviorsUsing extinction/ignoring to weaken behaviors genteelness students to monitor their own change programsAs Cuizon(2009) stated there are several advantages of individual counseling. In individual counseling, counselors have an opportunity to employ with confused problems and they care for just one client at a time. Also, it is much easier for counselor to work out the information which was collected beforehand, apply the most appropriate and efficient treatment to the client and decide on the target attitude which needs to be enhanced. In individual counseling there may not be misrepresentations about the thoughts and behaviors of the client compared to group counseling. Depending on the decisions he makes, the client has a great power to change his own life for the much better. He is the center and most important element in this process which means that he can checker his behavior and that the level of commitment and his being would-be(prenominal) to work will dictate how successful he will be in developing new behaviors that clearly communicate his needs.According to Burnham(2003) individual counseling has some reasons of being so popular. The fundamental reason is the most of the schools being structured on classes and classroom teachers and teachers tendency to release one student at a t ime to be less disruptive. Another reason of popularity of individual counseling is the impression of being more practical and easy to schedule. For the last, the tendency of counselor training programs towards preferring individual counseling by illustrating theories, techniques, and etc. through individual processes.There are also some researches that are indicating the superiority of individual counseling over group counseling from some aspects. Aughinbaugh(1968) in his book claims that relying heavily on group instead of individual counseling resulted from the increases in the junior college adjustment which created a shortage of qualified guidance personnel. As a result of a two-year research study, the group of students counseled individually was rated significantly higher(prenominal) by their counselors in growth in self-understanding compared to other two control group. However this research also indicates that compared to group counseled students, individually counseled st udents didnt show any significant difference in persistence, academic achievement, or goal motivation. The real significant difference was between these two counseled groups and the 3rd group consisting of the students who are not assign to either group or individual counseling sessions. Aughinbaugh(1968) concludes that as long as special attention is paid to counseling, students benefit regardless of the method.Aside having some advantages, individual counseling has some disadvantages. According to Simmerman(2007) in general, individual counseling sessions are economically less efficient than group therapy. Because of the lack of non-partial observers, role playacting is limited to the individual and the therapist. Moreover compared to a group setting, likelihood of therapy sessions to fall into a rut where progress is stalled is higher.On the other hand, there is also some other type of counseling named as Group counseling. Gwendolyn Cuizon (2009) states that, Group Counseling which is forwarded by William Glasser is more correspondents with the Control Theory later named as Choice Theory. According to this theory, the reason of all the living creatures controlling their behaviours is to accomplish their need for satisfaction in some of these five areas such as survival, to belong and be loved by others, to have power and importance, freedom and independence, and to have fun. Love and belongingness are the most significant ones among them. This kind of feeling is promoted with the help of the group counseling. Group counseling has great influence on the feeling of being connected to others.Tricia Ellis-Christensen (2003), claims that Group counseling is a form of therapy, which establishes a viewpoint that people benefit from shared experiences.. art object a therapist usually carries out group counseling, actually the contributions of other members in the group are considered quite valuable, for most of the people in the group, more or less share simila r issues or experiences.In the Group counseling, the individuals take place that are experiencing some difficulties related with the personal, educational, social, vocational issues which they hope to solve. ( Corey Corey, 1992). In group counseling process, the focus could be the aims such as relating better to their families, becoming organized, or relaxing in the presence of supervisors at work the person achieved.Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) says that, in starting group counseling, making decisions in advance is a vital issue. In other words the first step in this process is pregroup planning. In order to relinquish productive and pragmatic results for participants, at first leaders should design groups. Objectives, membership, rules, time, place, and dynamics are the most important considerations in this process.Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) states that rules to control the people in the groups should be few brief and clear, so that counseling groups run in the best way. If there a re a great many a(prenominal) of rules, there will be a tendency in some members to forget some of these rules. Also, if the rules are not so clear, some of them will be definitely broken by some of the members In group counseling, the time and place are quite significant issues.Gladding, (1994) says that Although counseling groups vary, members need a specific, concordant time and place to meet. Most groups meet for one and one half to two hours each week for 12 to 16 sessions. The meeting room should be quiet and inviting and away from other activities. Groups work best when chairs are arranged in circles where everyone feels a sense of equality with one another and the flow of communication is enhanced (Gladding, 1994).Childers Couch, 1989 states that the group leaders have also quite significant role in this process. Effective group leaders should investigate potential members before they accept them. In the group counseling, the ideal group size is 8 to 12.By this way member s have a chance to express themselves without forming into subgroups. Feedback and explanation can be utilized by leaders as a result they can immediately clarify and correct misunderstandings.According to Corey Corey, (1992), Some important variable techniques should be employed by leaders of effective counseling groups .In the below there are the most important ones among the many techniquesActive Listening In this technique leaders should be sensitive to the language, tone, and nonverbal gestures surrounding members messagesLinking with the help of this one, leaders help members recognize their similaritiesBlocking Leaders keep unfocused members from disrupting the group by either redirecting them or preventing them from monopolizing conversationsSummarizing In this technique leaders assist members recognize what has occurred and how the group and its members have changed.Apart from these techniques above , there are also other vital skills such as Empathy, personal warmth, cour age, flexibility, inquiry, encouragement, and the ability to confront.Vivian V. Ripley, Gary E. Goodnough states there are also some strategies which are quite successful in planning and implementing group counseling. They strongly believe that when these strategies were implemented correctly and effectively, the solutions will be rather helpful for the students. Briefly, they name the strategies as Logistical Strategies (School Structure and Student Need) Developing Awareness, policy Considerations, Access to Students, Counselor Planning and Preparation Group Procedures, Counselor Preparation Co-leaders.Group counseling has a great many of advantages to assist the people to decide their problems. One of the main principals of group counseling is the idea that dealing with specific issues may cause isolation, and also the person could feel himself alone while face or dealing with his problems. Group counselings aim is to cancel out this isolation feeling by forming an atmosphere where the people with almost same problems could come unitedly and share their thoughts feelings or difficulties. Thus, people could realize that these problems are not singular to one person.and this will be quite helpful to person to handle his problems more easily.( Tricia Ellis-Christensen (2003))Gladding, Samuel T. (1994) claims that people have natural tendency to gather in groups for mutually beneficial purposes., individuals carry out their goals and also much more innovative and productive ways having an interaction other group members with the help of the groups. He also asserts that, without involving in groups surviving would be impossible for the people..Gwendolyn Cuizon(2009),says that Group counseling is better than individual counseling when it comes to developing new behaviors that clearly communicate their needs and help in attaining fulfillment in the reality. Group therapy considers the key elements of what the group are facial expression for and what will make their life better, what the group will do to bring about what they want and how they are able to make alternative options and come up with common plan.He also claims that with the help of the Group counseling members have a great opportunity to learn with and from other people in the group .and also they could be able to recognize their own ways of thoughts and behaviors, as well as those of others. Attitudes and behavior patterns that are limiting and difficult to see in self could be seen by other people. In order to receive genuine support, honest feedback, and useful alternatives from peers a group is a quite a good chance. Besides the advantages of group counseling, according to the some researcher, there are also disadvantages of this counseling type. For instance, Gwendolyn Cuizon (2009),mentions that the movement and involvement of the group members could be insufficient in group counseling. Reflecting too many feelings and listening to too many long stories could be a probl em for both the leaders and the other members in the group.There is also an option that the group leader couldnt use enough creative techniques to get and hold the attention of the group members. When techniques arent supported with theory and focusing the group sessions arent focused sufficiently, the productivity and the efficiency of the group counseling dramatically decreases.As all the researchers stated the use of these counseling types is a matter of preference. Etc. etc..In schools, counseling to the students should be carried out both individually and in small groups. Counselors, in schools, must always allot some time for counseling students about their personal-social problems. Moreover, in some cases, counselors may need to utilize newer theoretical approaches, such as brief therapy, in order to be as effective as possible in a limited number of sessions.( Sears, Susan Jones Coy, Doris Rhea,1991)

Making Renewable Energy SMART using Internet of Things (IOT)

Making Renewable Energy SMART employ earnings of Things (IOT)Manuj Darbar, Kripa Shankar Pathak, Rajesh GoelAbstract The paper highlights the cooperative behaviour of Multi instrument systems by combining various renewal cypher sources and then feeding the power to the grid. The process substance abuses 6LoWPAN protocol to communicate with each opposite and C-ARTAGOs interface constraint with Guarde properties to innate(predicate)ly allot the demand and supply.Keywords SMART Grids, Renewal Energy sources, IoT.1.0 INTRODUCTIONRenewal energy is inspired by natural resources for energy conversion. Till date natural resources which atomic number 18 exploited for conversion of energy be Wind, Biomass and Solar Power with the upsurge in energy demand countries are switching to alternate(a) energy sources. These alternative sources could be Wind, Biomass or Solar Energy.Denmark tops the list with a very high penetration of renewal energy producing nearly 20% of total electricit y demand. There is a paradigm shift from traditional method of generating power to renewal energy systems. There are two spacious areas of research in renewal energy Energy Transition, Energy Storage.Energy transition deals with conversion of natural energy into some form (Generally Electrical, Energy memory refers to store the energy generated by Natural resource generally solar cells uphill now manufacturers are utilise Conventional method of installing these energy sources, with the development of Internet of things the objects are made SMART. They can adjust output according to environment making them adaptive2,3. Unlike conventional internet, IOT supportive device use of goods and services with a very low bandwidth moreover the transmission is also inter sensor the novelty in this research area is to derive maximum might from the entire setup. Each of the device will have an infix chip sensor grid and communication link of all the connectivity nodes which are finally conve rted to cloud (P-cloud) for processing. For instance let up take the case of wind turbine, is case of any dynamic change in the operation of one turbine it is to be communicated to the cloud and all the turbines in line with turbine automatically adjust themselves, a self healing Immunization is injected which tunes the particular turbine in line with the other turbines. To manage the coherency surrounded by generation and storage battery intercommunicates and other parameters are sent to cloud for processing accordingly an adjustment/find turn of signal is generated to maintain the rhythm. Nowadays a new operating system like Windows and Linux has been developed specially catering to the needs of Internet of Things (IOT) named Contiki.Similarly we can feed for solar cell where a cell submits its health report on P-cloud on regular intervals. Some of the embedded systems supporting IOT are XBee, Rasberey pie and Cognitive Radio8,9 accompaniment Extended Environmental Markup Lang uage, a type of XML document used in PACHUBED (suitable for public upload, download and display of data for Internet connected Networks.2.0 MODEL cultureThe paper highlights the development of a Toolkit for efficient management of Wind Energy and Solar Energy and feeding into the grid. In order to achieve synchronization mingled with Wind grid, Solar Grid and existing grid we use the concept of Multi- divisor system. These intelligent factors are integrated to a form self organizing net using swarming technique. Each of the wind mill and solar grid is connected by 6 LOWPAN Sensor devices. 6 LOWPAN is made up of Low-power wireless are networks. Which are IPV6 stub network. An Ad LOWPAN is not connected to the internet that operates without infrastructure.Figure 1 Layer Architecture 6 LOWPANIn our framework we will be using Extended LOWPAN consisting of multiple edge routers. LOWPAN works on the principle of neighbor discovery (ND) LOWPAN needs participate in more than one LOWPAN at the same time also known as multi-homing. The protocol stack of 6 LOWPAN Protocol stack consists of Application, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical. The Architecture of 6 LOWPAN consists of 1 Pv6 Internet connected to Remote sensor and an Edge Router which is connected with P2P link. This Edge Router consists of various Nodes of 6 LOWPAN (Figure 2)Figure 2 6 LOWPAN Connection (Adopted from 6 LOWPAN The wireless embedded Internet)Neighbor Discovery in LOWPAN includes a built in feature for dealing with Micro mobility. All the messages generated are being monitored and tracked by the exchange Control Unit which feeds the power to the grid.Con gradientr a scenario where grid of Wind Mills is installed, a grid of solar cells (figure 3).Figure 3 Multi-Agent System for autonomic ControlThe above figure highlights the 6 LOWPAN sensor networks which is connected to each Wind Mill and Solar Panels. It is connected to the Control Centre by the dish of an interface using 1Pv6 s erver and P2P connection by the Edge Router. The real time protocol for streaming the signals uses UDP which is an widely used for sensor data streams. The use Web services by the Control Centre helps in linking the current weather conditions (Sunny) or (windy) to Grid synchronizer which informs the Grid slightly the necessary invariability and power delivery in the Grid.In order to simulate the entire set-up we use the concept of C-ArtAgo developed by Alassendro Ricei et al. 1. It is a platform for providing a general programming model. It works on two different aspects Agents and Artifacts. It is modeled in terms of set of artifacts programmed by MAS. Secondly the artifact collaborate each other using the combination of 6 LOWPAN communication3,5,7 depositd in FIPA standard protocols. The FIPA protocol10,11 uses some of the concept of high-level inter achieve. It is categorised into three sections (1) Basic Protocols (2) Network Protocol contractual FIPA (3) Protocols FIPA Auct ions. Since the Network protocol and Protocols FIPA Auctions are used when a electronic commerce has to be established. We will be using Basic Protocols of FIPA. The FIPA Basic Protocol allows an instrument to request to another agent to perform certain action. It is combined with 6 LOWPAN Protocol to generate a standard set of communication link disposed(p) in figure 4.Figure 4 AUML Representation of 6 LOWPAN FIPA Protocol quarry.This protocol allows an agent to request to another agent to perform certain action. The agent on receiving the request indicates whether it accepts or rejects the request.The FIPA protocol is further supported by conditional quarry protocol FIPA which allows an agent to request agent to perform an action when a certain condition is satisfied. The request protocol allows an agent to make an inquiry. The Agent on accepting the request can than acceptor refuse to provide information. (C-ArtAgo has a layerical structure with MAS acting as an middle layer. (figure 5)Figure 5 Layerical Representation of MAS with CARTAGOConsider a scenario where we have to integrate Solar grid, Wind Grid and habitual Supply side grid by using guidance from the Web Service agent. The Web service agent we have used here are The Weather services and Load Demand services provided by distribution agencies. In order to collaborate all the above entities we treat them as intelligent agents. In order to collaborate all the above agents we use (C-ARTAGOs usage interface control with Guarde properties. The operation control is either enabled or disabled. The Agent side side Use is used to trigger the Action, if USE + ENABLED then Action is Triggered otherwise the Action is stopped / Suspended.The sample program using Guard is draw asimport alice.catrago.*import java.until.*public class Intelligent Agent extends Artifact private Linked List sensorvoid init (int max)Sensors = new LinkedList define ( ) bsproperty (max-sensors, nmax)define Obs property (n_sensors ,0)OPERATION (guard = n_sensors = active)void sense (device Id) sensors.add (sensor)updatedObsProperty (n_IPv6, services, sensor.udp)GUARD boolean Grid Demand Not Full (set sensors)intmax Agents = getobsProperty (max_agents).int value ( ) return agent size of it ( ) The above code deals with the problem of concurrent systems which requires effective coordination between produces agent (Solar Agent Windmill Agent) and SupplyAgent (The Supply grid). The use of Guard operation in Boolean option provides a necessary control giving the exact amount of Windmills / Solar panels currently active and based on Web service agent communication and the grid requirement the Boolean values change accordingly.4.0 Conclusion The paper introduces a framework for specifying the interaction between various types of intelligent agents. The coordination between the solar agent and Wind Mill agent is achieved by 6LOWPAN devices connected on IPv6 environment. The communication is achieved by Web Senor c onnected with Web services which guides about the environmental conditions and Peak Demand variations which is going to come in next couple of days. System uses FIPA protocol architecture for multi agent coordination.ReferencesBook Section1 Alessandro Piunti, Michele A Viroli, Mirko A Omicini, Andrea Amal, Environment Programming in CArtAgO, pp 259-2188, Multi Agen Programming, 2009, Springer US.Research Papers2 Lehtoranta, O., Seppl, J., Koivisto, H., and Koivo, H., Adaptive District Heat Load Forecasting using aflutter Networks, in Proceedings of Third foreign Symposium on Soft Computing for Industry, Maui, USA, 2000.3 M Darbari, VK Singh, R Asthana, N-Dimensional Self Organizing Petrinets for Urban Traffic Modeling, International journal of Computer acquaintance Issues (IJCSI) 7 (4), 37-40, 2010.4 N Dhanda, M Darbari, NJ Ahuja, Development of Multi Agent Activity Theory e-Learning (MATeL) Framework Focusing on Indian Scenario , International Review on Computers Software 7 (4) , 1624-1628, 2012.5 M Darbari, VK Singh, R Asthana, S Prakash, N-Dimensional Self Organizing Petrinets for Urban Traffic Modeling, International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI) 7 (4), 37-40, 2010.6 M Darbari, P Sahai, Adaptive e-learning using Granulerised Agent Framework, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 5 (3), 167-171,2014.7 Mller, J.P., A Cooperation Model for Autonomous Agents, Intelligent Agents III, Springer, 1997.8 Malone, T., and Crowston, K., The interdisciplinary study of coordination,ACM Computing Surveys,V ol. 26(1), 1994.9 Nwana, H.S., Lee, L., Jennings, N.R., Co-ordination in software agents systems, BT Technology Journal. Vol 14(4), 1996.10 Shoham, Y., and Tennenholtz, M., On the synthesis of useful social laws for artificial agent societies, in Proceedings of the 10th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 276-281, 1992.11 Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N.J., and Kinny, D., The Gaia Methodology for Agent-Oriented Analysi s and Design, Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Vol. 3(3) pp.285-312, 2000.

Psychological Effects of Single Parent Family

Psychological Effects of Single Pargonnt Family CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this lying-in proposal is well-nigh observer the psycho fond problems faced by adolescents from genius fetch families in the state of Selangor which has higher level of divorce and separation cases. Thus, the intent of this proposed get wind firstly is to identify, the warps of the family, social system and socioeconomic issues which cause the rise of psychosocial problems of the adolescents from oneness female parent families, such as anti-social behaviour.In that regard, there are three chapters in this project proposal. Chapter 1 Introduction, provide a discussion around the basic theme and problem statements which contribute to psychosocial problems of the adolescents. The purpose of qualitative seek of face to face converse is to wear down the objectives acting upon the adolescents from single yields family. Chapter 2 Through the literature review extends the depth psychology and pro vokes an idea from the theories. Chapter 3 Qualitative explore method of facial expression to face interviews were utilized to identify (N=5) adolescents from the age of fifteen to eighteen from single draw families, (N=5) of their mothers and (N=1) from the nongovernmental organization, in order to interpret and formulate the societal phenomenon of adolescent from single mother families.The determination is to address why anti-social behaviour occurs among adolescents from single mother families and also how to and implement methods to prevent and over recognise anti-social behaviour among these adolescents, with the help and associate with the aid of others, such as, government, NGOs, relatives and friends.1.1Background of studyThe focus of the background study reveals increase as in separation and divorce levels receivable to several factors and influences. From previous studies, single parent family in Malaysia is growing faster than other family relationships. The arrangeme nt of two parents in the family is broadly conceived as an accepted family, and the single parent family is known as a sort of non-accepted family. (Baharudin, R., Et al. Journal of comparative Family Studies, 2011). Established on the article from (Overturf, J. V., Downs, B., 2003) it states parental monitoring is an important connection of adolescence jeopardy behaviour.The full point of adolescence is really essential to the maturation of any person. The identifying features of this period make it unique from other aspects of development. It is a transitional period from childhood to maturity it requires an atmosphere full of passion and understanding to do well. (Ajidahun, B. O., 2011). Therefore, adolescents from single mother families may experience peculiar psychological and emotional problems of separation anxiety, sorrow, anger, depression, aloneness, and poor cozy self-identity. (Meier, P.D. Minirth, F. B. el ta, 1991). Hence, the significance is likely employed in se veral risk behaviours, such as antisocial behaviour is high.Anti-social behaviour is tump overed a personality discommode and brings up to behaviour that lacks affection for others with a high chance of harming others without feeling guilty and an evident failing of most emotions. (Kalat, J.W., 2008). The development of antisocial behaviour among teens could be drug abuse, vandalism, bullying, and gangsterism. Nevertheless, based on studies (Lee et al., 2007 Chiah, 2009), it has been discovered that adolescent from single mother families were more frequently taken in social problem behaviours than their twins in two-parent households.Hence, the context of this background work is founded on face to face questionnaire, interviews in order to gather information that comprises samples of (N=5) adolescents from NGO residential dwelling house for the teenagers which residing in the metropolis of Petaling Jaya, Selangor and (N=5) of their mothers and (N=1) from the residential dwelling. The interviews questionnaire is used to pack out the collection primary data in this field to assess the findings of the look. In addition, based on the qualitative analysis from the work of other researches on anti-social behaviour among these adolescents from single mother families, the factors highlight the realization of several reasons in this area.The important results of the conditional relation of this background study for the adolescents from single mother families seriously need more attention and counselling in the field that becomes problems for them. Parents attention is recommended as revealed in this study, the adolescents need a contributory environment where they can look for help and affirm to resolve their problems inside their families. Therefore, through the interview samples as well as the interpretation of literature and journals, and research has facilitated to improve and determine the levels of the different social classes problems. Aside from the discus sion of background study, the following section in particular addresses the problem statements.1.3Problem StatementsThis research aims to identify the psychosocial problems of adolescents from single mother families. The issue of divorce and living in fatherless families, infidelity of husband and wife, financial issues, emotional and psychological problems and social stigma are some of the major ones. (Faizah bte Abd Ghani Azian Abd Aziz, 2013). Their troubles are often pushed under the carpet, but manifest in anti-social behaviour which includes poor academic performance, relationship with teachers, school mates, mother or father, siblings, relatives and the public at large. They also resort to anti-social activities including drinking, which frequently result in adolescent pregnancies. My study samples are (N=5) adolescents between the ages of fifteen to nineteen, (N=5) single mother and (N=1) from the residential homes for the teenage boys in the state of Petaling Jaya, Selango r.1.5Research QuestionsIn this research, these are the questions which my research will be addressedWhat are the psychosocial problems of the adolescents from single mother families?What are the factors that influence the development of adolescents from singlemother families?What is the mother involvement in psychosocial problems of their adolescentsdevelopment?To what extent the changes come about when the adolescents stay in the NGOresidential homes for the teenagers?These research questions are directed at seeing the chief objectives of this study, which look at the factor causing psychosocial problems, such as, anti-social behaviour in the adolescents from single mother families.1.4Research ObjectivesThe intent of this proposed research objective is to limit the possible factors that carry the potential to delay the effective operation of the psychosocial problem of the adolescents from single mother families. It is also aimed at the objective as stated belowTo find out the psyc hosocial problems among the adolescent.To identify the factors that influencing the development of adolescents from singlemother families.To find out what is the mother involvement in their adolescents development.To determine what is the mother involvement in psychosocial problem of theiradolescents development.To find out what extent the changes come about when the adolescents stay in theNGO residential homes for the teenagers.1.6Study ContributionThis research covers (a) The definition of a psychosocial problem among the adolescent from single mother families. (b) The factors of psychosocial problems. (c) The mother involvement in psychosocial problems of their adolescents development. (d) The changes occur when the adolescents stay at the NGO homes. The responses to the interview questions and samples will be held through from a residential home for the teenage boys which residing in the City of Petaling Jaya.This chapter closes the call for the proposed research in psychosocial problem among adolescents from single mother families. The financing will be gained from the scope, significance of the problems and aims. The next chapter of this research covers the pertinent literature, letting in the factors, causes and solutions. Additionally, the recommendations proposed will also be discussed, such as, with the psychosocial, socioeconomic and the ecological problems and also how the adolescents from single mother families can seriously consider living a better lifestyle?