The Comparison of Two Love Poems - 634 Words

The poem â€Å"How Do I Love Thee†, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†, by Edna Vincent Millay are both well-known poems that both have themes of love. (LIT, Kirszner Mandell, Pg. 490). In both poems the poet helps the reader experience a lot of emotion with the use of certain words. There are speakers in both poems. In Mrs. Browning’s poem, the speaker is undefined, leaving open that the speaker could be a he or she. Millay’s poem which is written in first person, the speaker is more defined leading the reader to believe it is a she who is talking about love in the past tense. Both poems are sonnets written with fourteen lines, and written in Italian style. When comparing these poems we will be looking at the use of rhyme scheme and metaphors and how they were used to express emotions in these two sonnet poems. One of the most used love poems would have to be, â€Å"How Do I Love Thee?† by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. It has been recited at many weddings for people who use it to announce their love for each other. And if a person were to ask someone if they had ever heard of this poem they would most likely get an answer of yes. In Mrs. Browning’s poem she uses the repeating of the same words, â€Å"I Love Thee†, over and over, which gives the poem its rhythm. But yet she still uses the rhyming scheme at the end of sentences that rhyme like these two sentences, â€Å"I love thee to the depth and breadth and height/My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight†.Show MoreRelatedComparison of Two Love Poems1628 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of two love poems ‘How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.’ is a poem written in the 19th century by a poet named Elizabeth Barret Brown. Assuming that this love sonnet was written from the poets point of view this poem is about how a lady loves her lover. The title suggests that this poet will list how she loves a certain person and in how many different ways and the poem does exactly that, Elizabeth also compares her love to things that it is not possible to live without. The languageRead MoreComparison of Two Poems: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day and If Thou Must Love Me1155 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of two poems â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† written by William Shakespeare and â€Å"If thou must love me† written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† a poem written by William Shakespeare, is the eighteenth sonnet by this famous writer and a poet. Shakespeare, a popular english poet had written fifty four sonnets. â€Å"Shall I compare thee to summer’s day† is the most popular of all the fifty four sonnets which emphasized Shakespeare’s love poemRead MoreA Valediction : Forbidden Mourning By John Donne1185 Words   |  5 Pages(Slide 1) Real love isn’t defeated by distance. Real love doesn’t fall apart at the thought of being apart. Love shouldn’t be tied to a person s physical presence. This love should endure even the toughest situations. (Shmoop University, 2015) Imagine yourself saying farewell to a departing loved one. How would you react in this situation? Love and loyalty were popular themes that underpinned the most articulate and significant poems in 17th century. (Bartleby, 2015) Good morning members ofRead MoreEssay on Love and Metaphysical Poetry1635 Words   |  7 Pagesluxury of many metaphysical poems; however, today we will be exploring just two. These being A Valediction Forbidding Mourning and To His Coy Mistress. Both poems possess different themes and features that will be compared and contrasted throughout, however, are connected through the discourse of love. The four letter word with so much meaning, but what really is love? Can a definite meaning be placed upon or it, or is it perhaps a matter of opinion? John Donne’s poem, A Valediction ForbiddingRead MoreMetaphysical Poems792 Words   |  4 Pagessituations through different metaphors. They would use original analogies to create fitting and insightful comparisons, usually to persuade. John Donne and Andrew Marvell have been called metaphysical poets. This is a,† name given to a group of English lyric poets of the 17th century† (Metaphysical poets)† The term metaphysical poets came to be used almost one hundred years after the death of the two poets. John Donne died John Donne in1631 and Andrew Marvell died in 1678. The term later became knownRead MoreCritical Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 1301111 Words   |  5 Pagesthough he loves her voice, music â€Å"hath a far more pleasing sound,† and that, though he has never seen a goddess, his mistress—unlike goddesses—walks on the ground. In the couplet, however, the speaker declares that, â€Å"by heav’n,† he thinks his love as rare and valuable â€Å"As any she belied with false compare†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, any love in which false comparisons were invoked to describe the loved one’s beauty. This sonnet, one of Shakespeare’s most famous, plays an elaborate joke on the conventions of love poetryRead MorePoem Comparison (Burns and Rossetti)1265 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose and Christina Rosetti s A Birthday Though the subject of both Robert Burns A Red, Red Rose and Christina Rosetti s A Birthday is love, the tone, diction, and form of each underline the different themes. The theme of the Burns poem is the beautiful ardency of the lover saying farewell to his love, while the Rosetti poem focuses on the joyous feelings of lovers being reunited. Both poems convey love as an emotion that transcends the immediateRead Moreâ€Å"Whoso List To Hunt† by Francesco Petraca and Sir Thomas Wyatt 638 Words   |  3 PagesMost love poems written in the Renaissance era are about the love of a man for a beautiful, unattainable woman. A good poet is a person who uses words efficiently, effectively, and gracefully which is just what Wyatt does. He uses words to help the reader learn the message sent throughout the poem, which in this case is his love for Anne Boleyn. A good poet knows how to convey the reader in the best way they can and by doing this they must have good structure and content i ncluded in their poems. Read More Comparison and Contrasting Between 3 poems: - The Flea (John Donne),931 Words   |  4 PagesComparison and Contrasting Between 3 poems: - The Flea (John Donne), Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers Day (William Shakespeare), and Jenny Kissed Me (James Leigh Hunt) These three love poems or sonnets were all written pre 1914 but by very different writers. The authors of these poems use different styles of writing love poetry. For instance, John Donny is very clever. His poem, The Flea brings out an angle of smart sayings to get people to have sex. William Shakespeare focuses moreRead MoreDifferent Versions Of Shall I Compare Thee And A Summer s Day?967 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Versions of Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? William Shakespeare was the original author of the famous sonnet â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?†. Shakespeare’s intentions for writing this poem was to compare his beloved to a Summer’s Day. Shakespeare wrote and published this original version of Sonnet 18 in 1609, but was rewritten in the early 1900’s by Howard Moss. Shakespeare s sonnets were published only once in his lifetime. For nearly two centuries after their first appearance

Fashion Marketing - 17446 Words

LONDON COLLEGE OF FASHION - Graduate Certificate in Fashion Marketing TERM UNIT ASSIGNMENT TITLE CREDIT RATING LEVEL STAFF RESPONSIBLE TIME FRAME Spring The Context of Fashion Essay Ten credits H3 Dr Wessie Ling Issue date: week commencing 13.03.06 Hand in to School Office (Room 322 Davies Street) no later than 12.00pm on Mon, 24 April 2006. Attn: to Dr Wessie Ling. Essay are bound, marked with students’ names, and all pages are numbered. Choose from one of the following essay titles: - Conspicuous consumption: Past, present or future? - Democratisation of luxury: The future or the end of the luxury market? - Homogenisation of fashion: Dressing the same or different? EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES †¢ Describe the historical, cultural†¦show more content†¦You will be required to submit another piece of work, which will gain no more than a Pass grade, and disciplinary procedures may be instituted. London College of Fashion Graduate Certificate in Fashion Marketing FEEDBACK SHEET Unit Title The Context of Fashion Credit Rating 10 Staff Responsible Dr Wessie Ling STUDENT: A A Haseeb Uddin Project/Assignment title Essay Level 3H – Graduate †¢ Learning outcomes Describe the historical, cultural and economical dimension of fashion Compare and contrast the relationship of these forces (historical, cultural and economic) and their impact upon fashion †¢ †¢ Critically evaluate and identify key elements of decision-making processes in the marketing context of a fashion company PPD †¢ Analyse, evaluate and problem solve effectively †¢ Communicate effectively both in writing and in oral presentation Feedback against Learning outcomes You described very well the historical, cultural and economic dimensions of fashion and its relation to Conspicuous Consumption. Your essay is very well written and flows naturally demonstrating research into the phenomenon. You provided very good comparison and contrasted to the forces of production, circulation and distribution. You have well researched and linked academic ideas into the phenomenon. While most of your references are dated, it would have been better to include recent literature to illustrate the changes of Conspicuous Consumption inShow MoreRelatedMarketing And Advertising Of Fashion Marketing Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesToday, marketing and advertising play a critical role in the fashion industry; they are various activities involved in building consumer relationships and stimulating consumer purchases by satisfying their needs. The primary goal of fashion marketing is evident: supplying the right merchandise, to the right cus tomers, at the right time, in the right place. Often confused as marketing, Advertising is a subset of marketing; it is a single component of promotion in the marketing mix. The process ofRead MoreFashion Marketing1282 Words   |  6 PagesBritish chain of clothing stores that operates in more than 20 countries. It is part of the Arcadia Group, which also owns a number of other retail outlets including Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Miss Selfridge and Wallis. Topshop is one of the leading fashion stores on the high street market and is very popular amongst teenagers and the younger generation. Topshop has a very wide range of products which vary from dresses and footwear, to casual wear, jeans and tops. Topshop also has a range of underwearRead MoreFashion Nova Marketing Strategy1958 Words   |  8 Pagesmake profit or fail? These questions arise even more when the company is to start only online. Because of this, e-commerce fashion brands must constantly evolve and expand their styles to maintain the interest of their target customers. Fashion Nova is one fashion brand that manages to stay relevant among its consumers because of their edgy style and quality priced clothing. Fashion Nova was first established in 2010. It gained its popularity from celebrities promoting it on their social media platformsRead MoreMarketing Of Online Shopping For Fashion1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Online shopping for fashion started off well in South Korea due to the convenience and comfort of home, especially for young women. The fashion market in South korea is saturated with fast fashion at affordable pricing. Soo-Hee Kim, founder of StyleNanda, saw the chance to provide vibrant and unique fashion clothing to young women, thus StyleNanda started out online in 2005. A) Business market of StyleNanda Customer base: Demographics The age range of StyleNanda’s customer baseRead MoreThe Fashion Channel - Marketing962 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study # 2: The Fashion Channel Overview This document presents information about the conclusions that can be drawn from the consumer and market data based on ‘The Fashion Channel’ case study information (Stahl, 2007). In addition we will also look into the various pros and cons of the segmentation options for the Fashion Channel to increase their revenue stream. Analyzing the Data The Fashion Channel (TFC) wasRead MoreFashion Marketing And Its Impact On Consumer s Design Preferences Essay2152 Words   |  9 PagesThe concept of marketing is the action or business of bringing or sending a product or commodity to the market. (Oxford English Dictionary) Fashion Marketing differs from the marketing of other goods because of the uniqueness of the merchandise. â€Å"According to the Parson’s School of Design, fashion marketing is the process of analyzing, developing, and marketing current fashion trends into sales strategies.† (IJMBT) In fashion marketing, consumers are the creators by virtue of their adoption and rejectionRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of The Fashion Channel2729 Words   |  11 PagesThe Fashion Channel is a cable TV network that exclusively offers programs for a fashion-oriented audience. Initially, TFC was able to grow without any targeted segmentation or detailed branding strategy. TCF is still the only fashion channel but channels such as CNN and Lifetime are introducing fashion segments to their programming and in return have increased competition and threatened market share. The growth of The Fashion Channel depends highly on proper market segmentation. The addition ofRead MoreCaroline Le Bon s Fashion Marketing Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesCaroline Le Bon’s Fashion Marketing and Harriet Posner’s Marketing Fashion, defines fashion marketing and its elements. Fashion marketing and advertising is the process of analyzing, developing and marketing current fashion trends to satisfy consumer needs. Both or the readings discuss the role of marketing in the fashion industry and its differences to marketing other products. Fashion products are often trended items, temporary items based on design color, fabric and pattern. Le Bon and PosnerRead MoreVogue Armenia and Fashion Show Opening Event: Marketing Plan4103 Words   |  17 Pagesâ€Å"Vogue Armenia† and Fashion Show Opening Event Marketing Plan MKT 369 Practicum in Marketing Communications Professor Gail Hamilton Louise Holloway Prepared by: Anahit Grigoryan, Ani Oganesian, Nairi Zovelian April 27, 2012 Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Current Marketing Situation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Target Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Positioning and CompetitiveRead MoreMarketing Plan for a New Fashion Brand for Women1157 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Plan for a new fashion brand The Brand It is a fashion brand created for a modern woman who is open to new ideas, who likes fashion and clothing and looks for something beyond what is available off the peg. The key message associated with the brand is classy, minimalistic, upscale and versatile clothing. Mission of the business is to create timeless style based on outstanding designs using only best quality fabrics and row materials. It’s a casual elegance of the highest order

What were the roots of McCarthyism free essay sample

In the late 1940s and early 1950s Americans were scared of a second red scare and that communism would influence their country (Tindal Shi). Americans had seen what communism had done to Russia and how it was a factor of the Korean War and did not want to go down that road too. To calm Americans down an organization was formed called the House Un-American Activities Community. The organization was formed to protect communism influence on American by investigating communist acts that were alleged by people. Despite the organizations effort to calm Americans down, Americans still feared the possibility of Communism and becoming a nation similar to Russia (Tindall Shi). Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin became one of the most ruthless exploiters of communism. He accused a large amount of people of communist acts, mostly government works in which he claimed were Soviet spies and communist sympathizers. He was very paranoid and often accused people on the regular of communist behavior when none existed (Study Mode). We will write a custom essay sample on What were the roots of McCarthyism? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of these allegations causes a stir in the America society. All of this fear led Congress to pass McCarran International Security Act making it unlawful â€Å"to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to†¦the establishment of totalitarian dictatorship. This time was known as the McCarthyism. President Truman’s Fair Deal was designed after his victory and was his way of trying to make all things equal for all Americans. He requested there to be action on raising the bar for minimum wage, free health care and, civil rights legislation so that all Americans would be guaranteed rights. Most of Truman’s Fair Deal proposals were enlargements of the New Deal already in place (Tindall Shi). Although Truman received a wide range of Democratic support he still had conservatives who opposed of the Civil rights legislation like John McMilan who stated that he believed Truman would â€Å"get what he wanted but he doesn’t understand why he has to ruin the world because he was reelected.  In the end most of Truman’s plans were not passed by congress like the civil rights bills and the plans for national health care. They did raise the minimum wage though it was just one of many of his ideas. Congress also refused to provide federal aid for education. (Kind of like how Congress wants it to be now huh? )

Medieval Poetry

Abstract One should always remember that poetry is something that stays the same through the centuries, reminding people of the bygone centuries and the traditions that the people of the then times adhered to. However, poems speak rather to people’s hearts than minds, and all the details of the ordinary slip through the reader’s fingers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Poetry – The Expressions of the Romantic Love specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The poetry of the medieval times can tell more than the history books taken altogether. It shows not only the facts of the Medieval Epoch, but also the way people saw the world, the way they shaped their relationship to the others, to the world and to the events that took place. Being a part of people’s soul, the poetry transfers the reader to the times when it was written and makes understand where the fragile connections between th e epochs lead to. An integral part of life and its wonders, poetry exposures the world of the ancient times in full. The only thing that the spectators are supposed to do is to watch closely the magnificent view. It is important to remember that the Medieval poetry has had a great impact on the further development of the poetry, making it float in the course of the materials high as they could be, telling people of love as a platonic feeling and about life as indulging into the spiritual pleasures. With all its caution about the topics that were the most fruitful issue of the ancient times, the medieval poetry created a new understanding of lyrical poetry, making it closer to the Ancient Greek pastoral (Lowy 2001). Describing the most touching episodes of the relations between a man and a woman, it was most careful wit the problems of morality. The very idea of the romantic love is what the poems are sewn through with. The images of a troubadour and a trobairitz (Lewis 1998) that cr eated the romantic atmosphere full of music and enchanting dreams, lured people into the depth of the sentimental with the magic sounds of lyre and lute. Those marvelous airs were supposed to mean the purity of the relationships and the sincerity that the century encouraged. In fact, the expressions of the romantic love that sound in the poetry leave the impression of something so pure and unstained that it makes one feel a little sad. With the pragmatism and the cynical attitude to the pure ideas of platonic love that one can find in the culture of our epoch, these poems are something that makes people feel rather sad about the century that was sincere as a child and unaware as a virgin of the dirt that there was in the surrounding world.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The poetry leaves a trace of the romantic feeling that ceases as one looks out of the window. The contr ast with the surrounding reality is far too harsh to believe what the poems speak. However, as one reads the book, it becomes clear that the ideas of the world untouched by the little finger of sin and misery did exist in the years of the Medieval epoch. It is also surprising that the role of women has been emphasized in the poetry, in Contessa de Dio (Sayre 2009, 152) in particular. It has always been considered that the people of the Medieval epoch did not take women’s opinions into account. The so-called â€Å"dream-poetry† (Spearing 2004, 1) that was all connected with the topics of the Platonism and pastoral pictures was obviously mild and soft. However, the poem proves that wrong, showing that the role of women in the court was of great importance in the early centuries. As one reads the poems, the clash of cultures becomes inevitable. However hard the reader tries to assume the position of the Medieval character, the issues that seem so foreign and unnatural to the modern world pop out of the poems. Indeed, it is hard to believe nowadays that in such distant times people living in a completely different world had the same feelings and ideas that we have. This must be the chauvinism of the century that speaks this way. With regard to the poetry of the Medieval epoch, it can be said that the literature created in those times is the guideline for the modern world. Understanding that the people living so long ago practically did not differ from the population of the modern world and had the same and sometimes even deeper perception of the beauty and the nature is something that each of us should learn. After all, there is always the grain of gold in the experience of our ancestors that we might have missed, so reading Sayre’s works and taking his understanding of the value of the ancient literature might be another chance to see the truth that the modern mankind is trying to find. References Lowy, M., Sayre, R. (2001) Romanticism again st the Tide of Modernity. New York, NY: Duke University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval Poetry – The Expressions of the Romantic Love specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lewis C. S. (1998) Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sayre, Henry M. (2009) Discovering the Humanities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Spearing, A. C. (2004) Medieval Dream-Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Medieval Poetry – The Expressions of the Romantic Love was written and submitted by user Cash Cunningham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Philosophy Statement on Play Essay

Philosophy Statement on Play Essay Philosophy Statement on Play Essay I believe play is essential in a child’s development. It is during â€Å"play†, when a child interacts with other children. It is when they use their creativity and make friends. But also with play, children are free to express themselves, and make their own rules when it comes down to playing. Personally â€Å"play† has helped me become the person, who I am today. With â€Å"play†, I was able to express my creativity freely the way I wanted to. And it also helped me to socialize with other people by making friends instead of becoming socially awkward. â€Å"I think it's extremely important, depending on the setting whether they are with playing alone or with other children, either way playing alone I feel like it helps them express their imagination, learning who they are and becoming their own person. When it comes to playing with other kids I think it helps them learn how to share and learn how to interact with others.† –Nicole Carroll, Mo ther of 1 â€Å"I think it is actually important for people of all ages to play. Obviously the activities vary greatly depending on one age level/maturity, but everyone needs the opportunity to relax and be creative. In the early childhood setting it is absolutely crucial. I believe this is how children begin to form their likes and dislikes. It is generally where they learn to socialize and interact with other children. More importantly, it is an opportunity for them to express their creativity. I think in our modern world we have become so obsessed with testing and achievement that we have completely forgotten just how important it is to play.† –Karl Smith, English Department Faculty, Plainfield North High School â€Å"I think that "play" is very important in the development of a child. The socialization aspect for a

Linguistic Typology

Linguistic Typology Linguistic Typology is the analysis, comparison, and classification of languages according to their common structural features and forms. This is also called cross-linguistic typology.   The branch of linguistics that studies the structural similarities between languages, regardless of their history, as part of an attempt to establish a satisfactory classification, or typology, of languages is known as typological linguistics (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples   Typology is the study of linguistic systems and recurring patterns of linguistic systems. Universals are typological generalizations based on these recurring patterns.Linguistic typology took off in its modern form with the ground-breaking research of Joseph Greenberg, such as, for example, his seminal paper on a cross-linguistic survey of word order leading to a series of implicational universals (Greenberg 1963). . . . Greenberg also attempted to establish methods for quantifying typological studies, in order that linguistic typology could meet scientific standards (cf. Greenberg 1960 [1954]). Furthermore, Greenberg re-introduced the importance of studying the ways languages change, but with the emphasis that language changes give us possible explanations for language universals (cf., for example, Greenberg 1978).Since Greenbergs pioneering efforts linguistic typology has grown exponentially and is, as any science, continuously being enhanced and redefined as to methods and approac hes. The last few decades have seen the compilation of large-scale databases with the help of ever more refined technology, which have led to new insights as well as given rise to new methodological issues.(Viveka Velupillai, An Introduction to Linguistic Typology. John Benjamins, 2013) Tasks of Linguistic Typology Among the tasks of general linguistic typology we include . . . a) the classification of languages, i.e., the construction of a system to order natural languages on the basis of their overall similarity; b) the discovery of the mechanism of construction of languages, i.e., the construction of a system of relationships, a network by means of which not only the obvious, categorial mechanisms of language can be read but also the latent ones.(G. Altmann and W. Lehfeldt, Allgemeinge Sprachtypologie: Prinzipien und Messverfahren, 1973; quoted by Paolo Ramat in Linguistic Typology. Walter de Gruyter, 1987) Fruitful Typological Classifications: Word Order In principle, we might pick on any structural feature and use it as the basis of classification. For example, we could divide languages into those in which the word for a canine animal is [dog] and those in which it isnt. (The first group here would contain exactly two known languages: English and the Australian language Mbabaram.) But such a classification would be pointless since it wouldnt lead anywhere.The only typological classifications which are of interest are those which are fruitful. By this, we mean that the languages in each category should turn out to have other features in common, features which are not used to set up the classification in the first place.[The most celebrated and fruitful of all typological classifications has proved to be one in terms of basic word order. Proposed by Joseph Greenberg in 1963 and more recently developed by John Hawkins and others, word-order typology has revealed a number of striking and previously unsuspected correlations. For example, a language with SOV [Subject, Object, Verb] order is highly likely to have modifiers that precede their head nouns, auxiliaries that follow their main verbs, postpositions instead of prepositions, and a rich case system for nouns. A VSO [Verb, Subject, Object] language, in contrast, usually has modifiers that follow their nouns, auxiliaries that precede their verbs, prepositions, and no cases.(R.L. Trask, Language, and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., edited by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) Typology and Universals [T]ypology and universals research are intimately related: if we have a set of significant parameters whose values none the less show a high degree of correlation, then the network of relations among these parameter values can equally be expressed in the form of a network of implicational universals (absolute or tendencies).Clearly, the more widespread the net of logically independent parameters that can be linked in this way, the more significant is the typological base being used.(Bernard Comrie, Language Universals, and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology, 2nd ed. The University of Chicago Press, 1989) Typology and Dialectology There is evidence from linguistic varieties around the world, including Greek dialects, to suggest that the distribution of structural characteristics over the worlds languages may not be entirely random from a sociolinguistic point of view. For example, we have seen indications that long-term contact involving child bi-lingualism may lead to increased complexity, including redundancy. Conversely, contact involving adult second language acquisition may lead to increased simplification. Furthermore, communities with dense, tightly-knit social networks may be more likely to demonstrate fast-speech phenomena and the consequences of this, and more likely to experience unusual sound changes. I would like to suggest, moreover, that insights of this type can complement research in linguistic typology by giving an explanatory edge to the findings of this discipline. And I would also suggest that these insights should give some sense of urgency to typological research: if it is true that cert ain types of linguistic structure are to be found more frequently, or possibly only, in dialects spoken in smaller and more isolated communities, then we had better research these types of communities as rapidly as we can while they still exist. Source Peter Trudgill, The Impact of Language Contact and Social Structure. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar From a Cross-linguistic Perspective, ed. by Bernd Kortmann. Walter de Gruyter, 2004

Any citizen who does not have a criminal record should be permitted to Essay - 1

Any citizen who does not have a criminal record should be permitted to carry a concealed weapon - Essay Example This can occur in the case an official is committing a crime against a citizen. Additionally, there are activists who strongly oppose the whole idea of citizens possessing weapons. The concern however is, should the citizen helplessly watch the officials use their power to mistreat citizens instead of working for them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the restrictions against ownership of weapons are still strict, the level of crime is still high. Most of the violent attacks are executed using weapons meaning that the criminals, who are still citizens, possess the weapons though illegally (Cothran 40). The government has not been in a position to completely provide security to the citizen; this is because of the long distance between the security quarter and the scene of the attacks. The security officials find it difficult to respond to a citizen’s security concern in time. As long as the security official takes much time, the criminals tend to have enough time to hurt the victim. The dilemma remains, should the government formulate and enforce more restrictions or should the restrictions be relaxed. The activists against the possession of weapons by citizens still hold strong to their belief (Lovelace 56). They argue that if a person is legalized to shoot in the event of an attack, this reduces the power of the law. The State government is left with no law to enforce. However, in this proposal, a clear explanation is given as to why a person should be allowed to own a weapon so long as he meets the qualifications given. While there is a need to legalize the ownership of the weapon by the citizens, some of the cases presented in court in past, have proved some of the people in possession of weapons use them in committing criminal offences. For instance, a citizen may use the weapon to revenge (Lovelace 39). A law to legalize carrying of weapons by citizens is a

Management decisions & control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management decisions & control - Research Paper Example The quest for growth which is majorly motivated by the company’s marketing design of maintaining retail stores as well its good business environment has come with a number of challenges. The company has in the recent years grappled the control problems ranging from quality control to management control and these issues have come with significant image considerations. Another very important problem the company has to and continues to face revolves around the supply chain owing to its vast network of stores which are located in very different locations. The company’s business proposition identified it as a home of solutions for athletic and sport apparel increasing sales considerably as well as growth but this may have misguided the growth strategy. The company recorded a very fast movement of products in some cases merchandise getting out of stock in stores within just three days. The rapid expansion also placed significant amounts of pressure on the supply chain; many stores were opened rapidly to increase presence and brand visibility and some of the stores were in total very bad locations with little sales are no demand for merchandise at all. Managing the inventory continued to be the most pressing problem that the company had to fix in a time when its stock price had started declining, sales had significantly gone down and competition was it its peak. Those stores located in the coastal regions for example frequently ran out of stock for smaller sizes of merchandise and this negatively impacted on sales, image and customer trust. At the same time those retail stores in other places for instance in Midwest recorded high sales in terms of large sizes of merchandise which also was fast going out of stock. This meant the company had a constant challenge with the management of its inventory and this inventory related had negative image on

African American Literature Essay Example for Free

African American Literature Essay African American literature has a strong deeply rooted background in the history of America, thus giving the writers categorized in this genre a strong message to convey in any story they chose to tell. From tragic life moments to happy life moments, the writers have the ability to tell their story in a variety of methods. This canon of literature serves as a diary for the African American community. All of the literary works that compile this genre reflect the many twists and turns a collective group of persons must endure while struggling to achieve a place in history. The following discussion of three historically significant African American stories reflects the struggles one race of persons had to endure on their journey throughout various time periods in America. The Short Stories In the short story, My White Folks Treated us Good by Mariah Hines the author describes in first person account of a situation when African American slaves were treated well in comparison to the stories of abuse, rape, and neglect most persons are accustom to reading from this era. The slaves never went hungry, always had clothes to wear, were able to work under their own accord, always treated with respect, and were told to take Sundays off while also being encouraged to attend church on Sundays. The slaves were in fact treated so well that when they were free to leave, they choose to remain at their former master’s farm and continued working for him. Hines concluded the Master continued to support his former slaves. Hines stated â€Å"Master helped us much as he could. Some of us he gave a cow or mule or anything he could spare to help us (p. 34). † Moving forward in time, the short story Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston describes a situation of domestic abuse in a long term relationship between a wife, Delia Jones, and her husband, Sykes Jones. Sykes enjoyed torturing Delia, he would find ways to make her job as a washwoman more difficult by kicking the clothes across the room or by scaring her with ways related to her fear of snakes. Sykes enjoyed fighting; he in fact enjoyed it so much so that he intentionally picked fights with Delia. This type of torture strained their marriage to the point of near silence on a daily basis. Sykes thought it to be a good idea to bring a rattlesnake into their home. The rattlesnake got lose in the home, Delia was able to get outside the home but Sykes remained in the home and was attacked in their bedroom. Sykes yelled to Delia for help and comfort, but she was unable to come to him related to fear. Delia finally walked to the door, but due to the nature of his injuries and the distance to the doctor she understood he would not make it through this attack, therefore she allowed him to pass in their backyard. â€Å"She could scarcely reach the chinaberry tree, where she waited in the growing heat while inside she knew the cold river was creeping up and up to extinguish that eye which much known by now that she knew (p. 108). † This story shows how those who choose to abuse others always pay for those actions in the end. Alice Walker wrote the story Nineteen Fifty-Five, about a young white singer, Traynor, who purchased a song from a young African American woman, Gracie Mae, and went on to become famous after recording and releasing his own version. His version of Gracie Mae’s song continued to eat away at Gracie Mae for the rest of her life. It did not have the same meaning, nor was it loved by his fans for the same reasons she hoped it would be. The fans loved Traynor, not the song. Traynor continued to keep in contact with Gracie Mae throughout his time in the army, touring, marriages, and divorces. Then towards after many years, contact stopped and Traynor was found dead after 15 wives and a troubled road in the end. Gracie Mae lived vicariously through Traynor and his portrayal of her song. Gracie Mae herself lived quite happily through the birth of many children, the divorce and/or death of three husbands, the showering of gifts from Traynor, and his ultimate death. Gracie Mae did have a connection to Traynor that flowed deeper than her song. â€Å"One night I dreamed Traynor has split up with his fifteenth wife p. 297). † Due to the stereotypes and prejudices of this time period Gracie Mae and Traynor were never able to express the emotional connection they felt between each other. Common Literary Conventions Literary conventions and themes were similar in the stories; connotations, culture, undertones, and main characters were alike. The three stories were written in first person and portrayed a personal struggle endured by each main character. The main character was always female, strong, and independent in different way. The stories span three different periods of time, yet still reflecting similar struggles in very different settings. These conventions are important when connecting the messages of these stories. Each has a story of struggle, some are internal while others are outward, and each woman must find inner strength to change or cope with their situations. Beginning with My White Folks Treated us Good, this story was historically important in relation to conveying the happiness that could be found in such a dire situation as slavery. Hines showed not all slavery conditions were adverse or abusive; there was still the possibility of enjoying life, and gaining independence by getting the break needed, such as the freeing of all slaves, to make one’s own life better. In Sweat, Hurstson was able write a story about a woman able to persevere in a dreadful situation of both mental and physical abuse. During this time in history, women were not able to be independent and outspoken due to a fear of judgment or increased abuse. Delia was given the chance to be free from the abuses of Sykes and took that chance by allowing him to die from his injuries, thus resulting in her freedom. Following in the same suit, Nineteen Fifty-Five expressed the internal struggle of a woman’s desire to be understood and independent. Gracie Mae wanted to sing her own song and live her own life, without connection to a version of her song that did not represent the original intent. Gracie Mae was happy with her life, but was never free from what the release of her song brought to her life. Conclusion Culturally, these stories are important to all American’s. The historical significance of these stories and the emphasis on equality places a connotation of acceptance and availability of equal opportunity to all persons regardless of color, social class, age, race, gender, or personal situation. African Americans are able to tell their personal stories of struggles and triumphs through literature. This literature is a valuable tool for all persons wanting to educate themselves about significant times in American history. References Young, A. (1996). African American Literature: A brief Introduction and Anthology. New York, New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.

Civic Education in Pakistan :: Educational School Governmental Essays

Civic Education in Pakistan Pakistan is a post-colonial nation-state. Since 1947 this large Muslim nation has not been able to introduce a liberal democratic model of civic education in its schools that could have promoted democratic values, tolerance, gender equality and civic participation skills. Several factors are responsible for impeding the progress in civic education: a garrison culture, the Cold War exigencies, religious extremism, and feudalism. Introduction Like most post-colonial nation-states Pakistan also recognized the central role of civic education in creating a patriotic citizenry. Paradoxically, as the civic education curriculum in government schools emphasized the construction of a distinct Muslim citizen identity, it eschewed the transmission of universal democratic values such as individual liberty, gender equality, critical thinking, and respect for religious and cultural diversity. By failing to recognize the utility and advantages of the basic principles of liberal democratic model of civic education, Pakistan suffered irreparable losses: it disintegrated into two countries, lost national unity and receded into the past (Jahan, 1972; Oldenburg, 1980). What may be responsible for thwarting the liberal democratic model of civic education in Pakistan is a question that warrants a careful examination. This paper argues that four independent variables kept the liberal democratic model of civic education curriculum at bay: the p rimacy of a garrison nation-state, the Cold War exigencies, religious extremism, and feudalism. The following is a discussion on the role of these four variables. A Garrison State First, Pakistan is a garrison state in that since its independence in 1947, it has been pre-occupied with national security (Jalal, 1991). Hence the main objective of civic education curriculum in schools has been the preparation of a warrior citizen (Binder, 1963). A warrior citizen or Mujahid is a person who is willing and prepared to participate in war or jihad against the infidels. To this end the social studies textbooks glorified the past Muslim warriors including Saladin Ayubi, an Arab warrior who fought the Crusaders in Jerusalem, Tipu Sultan who fought the British imperialists in India, and contemporary Pakistani military heroes who died in three wars against India. Moreover, because for most of its history the military ruled the country, the dominant social class in Pakistan has been the military (Cohen, 1984). The military is considered a privileged class and, therefore, military values of conformity, regimentation, and masculinity are underscored in society in general and in the educational institutions in particular.

Review of Literature of Risk Analysis in Portfolio Management

REVIEW OF LITERATURE * Ananth N Madhavan (2003) once a fairly esoteric subject, risk analysis and measurement have become a critical function for both portfolio managers and traders. Yet accurate measurement and analysis of risk presents many practical challenges, including the choice of risk model, portfolio optimization pitfalls, horizon mismatches, and out-of-sample testing. This detailed overview of recent developments in risk analysis and modeling focuses on practical applications. While risk management tools can provide invaluable insights as to portfolio risk, they must be applied with considerable care. Risk analysis, as it stands today, is as much an art as a science. * Peter Brooke (2009) suggested that  the easiest way to build a very diverse portfolio is via investment funds. The choice of funds is now enormous and nearly every asset class is covered by them. This means it is very easy and inexpensive to put several funds together and have a very broad spread. There are now some very good ‘multi asset' funds which provide exposure to all of these different classes in one professionally managed place. These multi asset managers may also be able to access some funds which are still not available to the retail investor, such as private equity. Peter Brooke is a financial planner to the English speaking expatriate community. This article (Portfolio Construction) was published in the July 2009 edition of Dockwalk magazine * Anita Bhoir, (2011)Portfolio construction& services offered by banks and brokerages to face heat ; MUMBAI : Regulators may put an end to discretionary portfolio management services offered by banks and brokerages after a series of frauds, including high-profile ones at City and Standard Chartered, said a person familiar with the thinking. You can read also Portfolio Management Quizzes RBI, SEBI and a sub-committee of the Financial Stability and Development Council are working on the proposed guidelines for portfolio management, said the person requesting anonymity. â€Å"RBI is likely to ask banks to stop discretionary portfolio management,† said the person. * RaghavanR. S, (2011) -Core and satellite portfolio construction& evaluation a popular investment method ; the seznsex has not been in the pink of health for a week now. The steep fall in the global indices and teetering economies have been weighing on the Indian quity market, which, in turn, has dented the value of equity portfolios. It's in times like these that the benefits of the core and satellite strategy towards investing become obvious. How it works the core and satellite portfolio management is a popular form of investment strategy with money managers and their clients. * ET Bureau, (2011), How to pick a portfolio construction ; evaluation scheme; Equity portfolio management schemes (PMS) are today quite attractive from the perspective of high net worth individuals (HNIs) or ultra HNIs. However, investor and distributor awareness of this product category is quite low and one must understand the benefits of using this mode for investing. Typically, the minimum application size in PMS products is rather high? With the minimum being Rs 10 lakh and some even having ticket sizes running into crore. Most equity PMS products could involve a slightly higher degree of risk as they are offered to investors who desire that extra bit of return.

Air Cargo Forecasts: The MergeGlobal Forecast

The MergeGlobal forecast entitled Steady Climb speaks of the air freight tonnage growth after the traffic boom of 2004, following years of stagnation in 2002 and 2003 because of the dot-com bubble and collapse in technological spending in 2001 (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).After the global traffic boom came the slow but positive growth since 2005 until 2010 (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).   What we ask therefore, is how long it would take before the next downturn of growth rate begins again.MergeGlobal, however, forecasts that â€Å"[G]lobal traffic growth is most likely to maintain and to gently accelerate over the next five years† (Clancy & Hoppin, 2006, p.65).   Because of sustained economic growth in North America, Europe, and Japan, there would be an additional demand in world intercontinental air freight, while increasing metric tons by 3.0% from 2000 to 2005, and by 6.4% from 2005 to 2010 (p.65).Industrial goods production from North America and Europe would be trans ported to Asia via air freight because of persistent congestion and delay problems in the ocean transport system, and thus, creating a positive upgrade and effect to the world intercontinental air freight.As indicated above, the absence of a downturn would lead to a compound average growth rate that is 6.4% that is double the growth rate from 2000 to 2005.This is more than twice the forecasted growth rate in 2000, and slightly above the long-term growth trend of the air cargo tonnage.   As indicated too, â€Å"the single most important driver of air freight traffic growth is consumption growth, broadly measured by Gross Domestic Product† (p.66).Because there appears to be sustained positive GDP growth in the world’s most important air freight regions (except China), then it is presumed that, consistent with the historical patterns of the globe, the air freight tonnage is expecting steady growth until 2010.Majority of the new traffic is expected to boom in the Asian r egions for trade and industry.   This includes Australia and the Indian subcontinent; while Mexico is put in the Latin America category.Reference:Clancy, B., & Hoppin, D. (2006, August). Steady climb: MergeGlobal forecasts accelerating intercontinental air freight demand growth through 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2009, from the MergeGlobal database: http://www.mergeglobal.com/articles/2006-08_Steady-Climb_Article.pdf.

Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Example

Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Example Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Essay Topic: The Sound and the Fury In The Sound and the Fury The Sound and the Fury has been seen as an example par excellence of modernist American fiction (Cohen). Its publication represented a watershed in American literature as it introduced several modernist techniques among which: the destruction of chronological order, the division of the perspectives, the increased number of narrators, the free association technique, the stream of consciousness. I have selected three fragments from the first three sections of the novel in order to highlight some of these new literary devices. Each fragment represents the responding narrator point of view about the event that marked the beginning of the decline of the Compton family-cicadas flagrantly loss. The first fragment comes from the section April 7th, 1928 where gradually we find out about the Compton tragedy. The narrator- Benny a youngest son of the family, also a thirty-three year man afflicted by Idiocy-has no concept of time or morality. Thus in his narration the present and the past fuse in indiscernible ways making the comprehension of the plot difficult to follow. Beings memories are blending with the present happenings or amalgamate with each other. The events re narrated in the present tense which renders whatever claim of chronology futile. He says that he could hear the fire and the roof and then he could could hear Caddy walking fast (Faulkner) in this way the clear shift from one memory to another is obscure. This is another innovative technique Faulkner used creating an apparent continuity on the surface of the narration by repenting certain phrases from one scene to another, a sort of harmony in chaos. Beside the fragmentation of the traditional linear time, the author resort to another modernist device In order to capture the readers attention: he doesnt fully epics the events, he only alludes at them, we are only witnessing the characters reaction to them. For example, Benny, despite his idiocy, can sense that something bad has happened as soon as Caddy comes home, walking fast: We could hear Caddy walking fast. Father and Mother looked at the door. Caddy passed it, walking fast. She didnt look. She walked fast. (Faulkner) However we cannot tell what that thing is, we are left to imagine it, to conjecture it. We are only seeing Pennys and Cicadas reaction to it: Her eyes flew at me, and away. I began to cry. It went loud and I got up. Caddy came in and stood with her back to the wall, looking at me. Went toward her, crying, and she shrank against the wall and I saw her yes and I cried louder and pulled at her dress. She put her hands out but I pulled at her dress. Her eyes ran. W e were in the hall. Caddy was still looking at me. Her hand was against her mount Ana I saw near eyes Ana I cereal. Faulkner) I en event AT cays loss AT flagrantly is never narrated, this omission only adding to the increased ambiguity of the novel. Despite the fact that it is not conspicuously delineated all major characters relate o it some way or another, for it has a crucial role in the development of the plot. It also appears in the second section of the novel June 2nd, 1910 narrated by Question the eldest brother. He goes to Harvard to complete his education but being deeply marked by the promiscuity and consequent fall of his sister, commit suicide. In this section we get a glimpse of the story from his perspective. Even though the present- day of this section is almost eighteen years prior to the present-day of Pennys section, it nevertheless follows roughly the chronological development of the novel, for while any of Beings recollections are of their early childhood, most of Questions flashbacks record their adolescence, particularly Caddy dawning sexuality and its consequences on the family name and honor. Contrary to Benny, Question is aware of time and can differentiate between present and past, between memories and present events. However he too, seems obsessed with the past and frequently lasses into reminiscing anterior events. The flashbacks hurl Question in complicated abstract thinking about honor, motivation, sin, guilt, to conceptualize ideals. Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness technique in order o depict Question point of view, thoughts, or sensory feelings. The associative processes, the leaps in syntax, the omission of punctuation- all modernist literary devices- turn Questions narration into a true challenge for the reader,as the coherence and cohesion of the text are discarded. For example in a single block of text a past conversation with Caddy is intertwined with the recollection of the circumstances of her loss of virginity and with the outer events of present time: Sold the pasture His white shirt was motionless in the fork, in the flickering shade. The wheels were spidery. Beneath the sag of the buggy the hooves neatly rapid like the motions off lady doing embroidery, diminishing without progress like a figure on a treadmill being drawn rapidly offstage. Sold the pasture Father will be dead in a year they say if he doesnt stop drinking and he wont stop he can stop since I since last summer and then theyll send Benny to Jackson I can cry I can even cry one minute she was standing in the door the next minute he was pulling at her dress and bellowing his voice hammered back and forth between the walls in waves and she shrinking against the wall getting smaller and mailer[ ] (Faulkner). Question still feels pride in his familys noble and glorious past but also recognizes that today that past is crumbling away. Confronted with his father cynicism and nihilism who advice him not to take so serious Caddy pregnancy, and who also implies that his horror is due only to his own virginity, a useless concept invented by men; and with Caddy sexual promiscuity- a blatant violation of the ideal of femininity found in his Southern code of honor- he escapes time in the only way he can that is by drowning himself. In his perspective, death is the only way o redeem the sin which his sister had committed, but as he cannot carry out the suicidal pact with Caddy, he does it all by himself. In the end he is an idealist, cast in an decrepit and crumbling world, willing to die for his ideas. I en Tanta part AT ten KICK April ton BIBB Is narrated Dye Jason ten toner Trotter AT the Compton family. Unlike his brothers, Jason is much more focused on the present, offering fewer flashbacks and less abstract thoughts. The section has the closest form of a traditional novel, as the story is narrated in a more or less chronological order ND the characters ideas and thoughts are far less complicated than those in the first two section of the novel. This is only Faulkner way to allude at his characters psychology: if Question is concerned with highbrow ideals and concepts, Jason is more pragmatic and down-to-earth. His narrative doesnt include endless remembrance of the past. He takes into consideration previous circumstances only if they have an effect on present time. Still he is unable to escape his family legacy, as he is the only sane male member of the Compton family, he has to take the paper of the head of the family. From this position he tyrannically compensate for the suffering of his childhood by persecution of his young niece, Caddies daughter, Question, by petty thievery, by deception practiced against his weak mother (Scott), by meanest torment toward his negro employees. In a bitter tone and devious way he recollects the past which shaped his present: the sale of the pasture in order to pay for Question tuition at Harvard who killed himself, the loss of the Job as a bankers at Herbert bank, Cicadas husband who retracted the offer when he found out about Cicadas promiscuity: Well, Jason likes work. I says no I never had university advantages because at Harvard they teach you how to go for a swim at night without knowing how to swim Then when she sent Question home for me to feed too I says I guess thats right too, instead of me having to go way up north for a Job they sent the Job down here to (Faulkner) From this section we can see that Jason holds Caddy responsible for the family and his own downfall. In his opinion her first mistake was the thing which triggered the whole series of tragedies that befallen them and that eventually led to the disastrous end of the Compton lineage. Even though the three different perspective stand apart they are only three distinct lights shed on one and the same event, three different focal points. Pennys perspective can be considerate as objective as he does not give any interpretation or Judgment upon the things unfolding before his eyes. On the contrary Questions and Seasons perspectives are Judgmental, subjective. So which of them is the right one? We could ask. The answer is none and all. But this is exactly what the author is trying to do : to show a multi-faceted truth. To exemplify the modernist criterion which asserted the death of one absolute truth.

Conversion of Biblical Measurements

Conversion of Biblical Measurements One of comedian Bill Cosbys most hilarious routines features a conversation between God and Noah about building an ark. After getting detailed instructions, a puzzled Noah asks God: Whats a cubit? and God responds that He doesnt know either. Too bad they couldnt get help from archaeologists on how to count their cubits today. Learn the Modern Terms for Biblical Measurements Cubits, fingers, palms, spans, baths, homers, ephahs, and seahs are among ancient forms of biblical measurements. Thanks to decades of archaeological digs, scholars have been able to determine the approximate size of most of these measurements according to contemporary standards. Measure Noahs Ark in Cubits For example, in Genesis 6:14-15, God tells Noah to build the ark 300 cubits long, 30 cubits high and 50 cubits wide. By comparing various ancient artifacts, a cubit has been found to equal about 18 inches, according to National Geographics atlas, The Biblical World. So lets do the math: 300 X 18 5,400 inches, which amounts to 450 feet or a little more than 137 meters in length30 X 18 540 inches, or 37.5 feet or just under 11.5 meters in height50 X 18 900 inches, or 75 feet or slightly less than 23 meters So by converting biblical measurements, we end up with an ark thats 540 feet long, 37.5 feet high and 75 feet wide. Whether thats large enough to carry two of each species is a question for theologians, science fiction writers, or physicists who specialize in quantum state mechanics. Use Body Parts for Biblical Measurements As ancient civilizations progressed to the need for keeping account of things, people used parts of the body as the quickest and easiest way to measure something. After sizing up artifacts according to both ancient and contemporary measurements, theyve discovered that: A finger equals about three-quarters of an inch (roughly the width of an adult human finger)A palm equals about 3 inches or the size across a human handA span equals about 9 inches, or the width of an extended thumb and four fingers Calculate More Difficult, Biblical Measurements for Volume Length, width, and height have been calculated by scholars with some common agreement, but measures of the volume have eluded accuracy for some time. For example, in an essay titled Bible Weights, Measures, and Monetary Values, Tom Edwards writes about how many estimates exist for a dry measure known as a homer: For instance, a Homers liquid capacity (though normally seen as a dry measure) has been estimated at these various amounts: 120 gallons (calculated from footnote in New Jerusalem Bible); 90 gallons (Halley; I.S.B.E.); 84 gallons (Dummelow, One Volume Bible Commentary); 75 gallons (Unger, old edit.); 58.1 gallons (Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible); and about 45 gallons (Harpers Bible Dictionary). And we need to also realize that weights, measurements, and monetary values often varied from one place to the next, and from one time period to another. Ezekiel 45:11 describes an ephah as being one-tenth of a homer. But is that one-tenth of 120 gallons, or 90 or 84 or 75 or ...? In some translations of Genesis 18: 1-11, when three angels come to visit, Abraham instructs Sarah to make bread using three seahs of flour, which Edwards describes as one-third of an ephah, or 6.66 dry quarts. How to Use Ancient Pottery to Measure Volume Ancient pottery offers the best clues for archaeologists to determine some of these biblical volume capacities, according to Edwards and other sources. Pottery labeled bath (that was dug up in Tell Beit Mirsim in Jordan) has been found to hold about 5 gallons, comparable to similar containers of the Greco-Roman era with capacities of 5.68 gallons. Since Ezekiel 45:11 equates the bath (liquid measure) with the ephah (dry measure), the best estimate for this volume would be about 5.8 gallons (22 liters). Ergo, a homer equals roughly 58 gallons. So according to these measures, if Sarah mixed up three seahs of flour, she used nearly 5 gallons of flour to make bread for Abrahams three angelic visitors. There must have been plenty of leftovers to feed their family unless angels have literally bottomless appetites. Sources on Biblical Measurements The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas (National Geographic 2007).Biblical Weights, Measures, and Monetary Values, by Tom Edwards, Spirit Restoration.com, spiritrestoration.org/Church/Research%20History%20and%20Great%20Links/Biblical%20Weights%20Measure%20and%20Monetary%20System.htm Bible Passages Genesis 6:14-15 Make yourself an ark of cypress wood; make rooms in the ark, and cover it inside and out with pitch. This is how you are to make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. Ezekiel 45:11 The ephah and the bath shall be of the same measure, the bath containing one-tenth of a homer, and the ephah one-tenth of a homer; the homer shall be the standard measure. Source The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version (Oxford University Press). New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Overweight Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overweight Children - Essay Example Most cases children are left for the nannies to take care of them who in turn do not bother much with diet. The children whose parents do not monitor their food intake tend to take more junk food as snacks at all times of the day even after meals. The other causal reason to blame parents is the lack of exercise for their children. There are numerous playing grounds in neighborhood where children can play after school or on weekends to burn the fat and be healthy. However, parents buy them video games and they spend unlimited time on them hence not getting enough exercise. The other blame party is the influx of fast food outlets around the neighborhoods. Fast food attracts not only children but adults and they are convenient for most people with the busy life of work. Children are left money to order meals and they order fast food such as pizza and burgers which are full of starch and not enough vegetables. The end result is the children increasing in weight. The fast food owners should not sell the fast food to children without supervision of an adult. They should also include healthy food such as vegetables and fruit salads in their menu to encourage healthy eating. Majority of the blame however even though both parties have participated is towards the parents. They should try to be more careful about the health of their children. It is understandable that they are busy but they should find time to ensure that their children eat healthy food. As children grow, they understand what they are taught and will practice. Parents should talk to their children about the negative effects of eating a lot of unhealthy food and do this with numerous examples. The parents should also practice what they are saying and ensure themselves are not eating unhealthy food and especially in front of the children. Lastly, the parents should make it a point of making regular visits to the doctor to have their children weight and growth

The socio-cultural, economic and environmental impact of mass tourism Essay

The socio-cultural, economic and environmental impact of mass tourism on Tokyo - Essay Example This paper presents fact-based analysis of the full gamut of the impact, mass tourism has on the functioning of Tokyo. Among the negative impacts of mass tourism in Tokyo are income inequality, class conflicts, social stress, cultural deterioration, deprivation of local people of access, ethical issues among others. Reformed tourism policies that promote appropriate resource allocation, investor and worker visitors, and conscious travel, should be adopted. There have emerged two opposing sides to the debate on whether mass tourism is good or bad. In particular, mass tourism is shrouded in quite a lot of controversies and debates with one side opposing and the other supporting mass tourism. The question many ask is whether mass tourism creates and increases exploitation or prosperity in the destination areas. By extension, questions are also raised about the possibility of responsible mass tourism and its effects on the culture, economy and environment of the destination areas. Those of the other side of the debate do not regard mass tourism as an exploitative activity; instead, eco-tourism holidays and package tours are viewed as forms of mass tourism that actually benefit local communities in destination areas. Mass tourism could really be great to local people and cultures, environment and economy if only the tourists respect the destinations local people and culture . In addition, host country and people must enjoy the opportunities of showing their unique economic, social and cultural practices and beliefs to their visitors (Totman, 2005). In addition, mass tourism should also expose the destination areas to the cultures of the visiting people. Tokyo, the capital city of Japan is one of the main tourism destinations in Asia, if not the entire world (Cullen, 2003). Hence, mass tourism affects life in Tokyo in one way or the other. The economic value of tourism in Tokyo soars well above 10 million Yen. Consisting of both local and foreign tourists, the main tourist attraction centres in Tokyo include but are not limited to entertainment districts, ubiquitous Japanese pop culture, stores and downtowns (Malm, 2000). The cultural districts of Shibuya and Harajuku come to mind when tourism in Tokyo is mentioned. In addition, museums such as the Tokyo National Museum, which is widely known for housing Japan’s artwork national treasures is a renowned tourist attraction, centre in Tokyo (Waley, 2007). Other attractions in Tokyo include Tsukiji Fish Market, the Senso-ji Temple, the Imperial Palace and the Meiji Shrine. That Tokyo is easily accessible via the Narita Airport and the Tokyo International Airport also makes it a

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism Assignment

What are the advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism - Assignment Example This suggests that while the speaker may use Spanish at home, the same person may use English while at school. In addition, bilingualism may arise out of individual choice to study a language other than the primary language. In the end, bilingualism has both its advantages and disadvantages. The ability to communicate in two different languages is the immediate benefit of bilingualism. The expanded communication ability enables a student access a larger world than usual. In addition, it enables a student enjoy enriching cultures from different communities. This enhances learning, as a student is able to understand different contexts when applied to cultural education. Language is essential since it gives insight into other people’s experiences, perspectives, history, and culture (Fish & Morford, 2012, P.4, L.23-26). For instance, the bilingual ability could be crucial to deaf students who would wish to develop relationships with their peers who speak the English language. Studies have recommended bilingualism for deaf children. When such children learn both ASL and English, the aptitude in the second language becomes an indicator of the mastery of ASL (Baker, 2011, P. 3, L.66-67). Proper acquisition of ASL also supports the proficiency in English. Studies show that bilingualism stimulates language production in both languages. This suggests that a speaker’s brain becomes more open to handling information from two languages (Byrd, 2012, P. 20, L. 13-14). In this sense, a bilingual activates dual grammar systems. This is essential when such a speaker uses two languages simultaneously. Simultaneous, in this perspective, means that a bilingual speaker smoothly transitions from one language to another. When bilinguals develop such control, they can easily communicate to individuals who have only mastered a single language. This is a significant factor in translation. Bilingualism, however, burdens the learner. Burden occurs in terms of

Effective Leadership: Implementing change

Effective Leadership: Implementing change In todays volatile economy landscape, changes are inevitable and necessary. Continuous organisational developments and restructuring are vital for survival and growth. Therefore, it is important to identify growth opportunities in order to ensure the organisations sustainability and at the same time overcoming their weaknesses (Cranfield University School of Management, 2010). However, organisational change generates resistance in employees, making it challenging for successful implementation. Moreover as organisation expand, the challenges of implementing change will be greater due to diverse environment. Leaders can lead/motivate employees towards the achievement of goals in time of change. They process the quality traits which create vision and direction to motivate employees to strive harder towards goals. Also, they can facilitate employees in overcoming challenges and resistance induced by change. Leaders also have power to communicate, influence and negotiate employees away from the harmful cashes of conflicts (Robbins Judge, 2008). The objective of this report is to determine how the modern day organisation in this research can make use of effective leadership to implement and achieve successful change. It will provide more insights on how leaders can identify factors that bring about change. Discussion will be carried out on how to diagnose change factors and identify threats/opportunities. Next, the report sets to determine the impact of communication styles of the leaders on organisational cultural values. Communication plays an important role in the change process as it helps employees to see the need for change. It also highlights the importance of the affected parties role in the whole change process. The report will also examine suitable leadership style which will help with transformational change. Effective leadership translates to effective communication and overcoming resistance. Furthermore, leadership is crucial to identify, lead and manage change. Lastly, this report will set to understand how leaders overcome employees resistance within the organisation. It is of paramount importance for leaders to implement appropriate solutions in order to minimize resistance and maintain sustainability of new change. BACKGROUND OF ORGANISATION The organisation in this research is an Indonesian IT firm specialising in the importing/exporting of self-manufactured laptops. The Singapore regional office was established four years ago and has staff strength of twenty five direct employees. It has a local regional manager in-charge of running Singapores daily routine operations. Since its establishment, the regional office has been experiencing deficits in their income statements. The organisation emphasizes on a tall organisational structure, where top-down hierarchical authority is being practised. Decision-making is made by the head office in Indonesia without any effective communication with the regional office. Quarterly review meetings are held with regional manager to only report on business performance that the regional office is currently experiencing. Owing to a lack of demand for IT peripherals due to the worldwide economic meltdown in 2009, the regional office had recently carried out a retrenchment exercise as a cost-cutting measurement. Prior to the recent downsizing exercise, each of the thirteen departments was led by a supervisor. Each employee is expected to keep to his/her individual job scope and is held accountable for all his/her actions. Strict protocols for individuals are laid out and upward interactions are usually not encouraged. The decision for the recent exercise came straight from the head office without any consultation with the regional manager. The retrenchment announcement was made through email and did not state any future plans for the remaining employees. After the downsizing exercise, the remaining employees have low morale, little sense of pride in their work and are alienated from the management team. Employee absenteeism and turnover rate has been increasing. This change has lead to further deterioration of productivity and quality of the products that are offered by the regional office. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Sampling Schedule In order to define situation concisely and to gather comprehensive information on objectives for the study, the research design methods of interview and personal observation is carried out for this case study. Before primary research is conducted, a group of respondents from regional office is selected for an interview to obtain their opinions. For this selection, non-probability sampling (Quota Sampling) is carried out. The sample audiences (quota) are to be made up of potential leaders of the regional office. They have direct and regular interaction with head office. They are someone of a seniority level, with leadership capabilities and have the power to influence subordinates. The sample audiences are identified to be the regional manager (whom is accountable for the operations of regional office) and the human resource officer (who is responsible for the linking of employees-related policies and organisational strategies). For personal observation, it will be done by researcher of this study in her course of work as a regional sales executive (In charge of generating sales revenue). 3.2 Methods of Gathering Data (*There is limitation of the research design as it all measures information entirely from the regional offices prespective. This might result in possible biasness/prejudices from common method variance. Primary and secondary research time-frame is in Appendix B) 3.2.1 Observation Observation is done by researcher to obtain informal visual assessment of the regional office. Events associated with the objectives are monitored, accessed and recorded. Structured observations are carried out in her course of work for the visual assessment of the organisation as a whole so that the behavior is carefully documented to ensure its validity/reliability. 3.2.2 Interview For this study, direct interview is more efficient and accurate due to small staff strength of only twenty-five. An interview study is held in order of the initial development of interview questions, the conducting of interviews, followed by data analysis. Two identified interviewees whom have interactions with the head office would be interviewed. The interviews (Appendix A) are carried out in the research direction to comprehend actual work practices, procedures, structure and embedded problem/issues faced by the organisation. 3.3 Secondary Data In order to provide in depth assessment, there is also the collection of secondary data. Besides using the online search engines for obtaining information on objectives and findings; books and journal databases (existing articles on literature review and case studies) are the main sources of references. Frameworks obtained are verified using different sources in order to validate the research findings without subjecting them to any form of prejudices. The results from the interviews and personal observation are analyzed with comparisons to secondary data. 4.0 LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE 4.1 External Macro Environment As head office is unfamiliar with Singapores working environment, leaders do not have proper business strategic plan and this would bring about disastrous consequences. Decision making are based on day-to-day responses by the head office. They have no sense of urgency to develop a long term strategic planning as they lack an external consultative opinion on how to operate the business. They also do not have good leadership skills to develop effective strategies as they had only focused on the situations at-present and eventually lost sight of main objectives. Perhaps this could be due to the differences in the cultures, where Singaporeans being highly efficiency is a stark contrast with the more laid-back mindset that most Indonesians possess. The need for change encompasses within all organisations in order to cope with the rapid environmental influences. The business environment is defined as a concept whereby external forces play a major role in the successes/failures of any organisation. By paying attention to the wider environment, leaders can identify threats/opportunities to ensure effective planning and implementation of change (Brooks Weatherston, 2000; Griffin Ebert, 2006). 4.2 PEST Analysis Hayes (2007) and Robbins Judge (2008) agree that PEST analysis will allow leaders to examine the external macro environment in which a business operates and search for evidences of change. Understanding the impact and situation of external forces would help identify factors that could possibly bring about change within the organisation. Political Griffin Ebert (2006) and Hayes (2007) concur that political change will pose threats or create opportunities for any organisation. It has a huge influence upon the regulation of businesses and the possible spending power of consumers. It is important for organisations which are exposed to international risks as the political stability of different countries will affect operations and ultimately, revenues. It consists of elements like regulations set by the government on business practices, acceptable business conducts within an economy, environmental management legislations, labour law, international trade regulations, tariffs and political stability. Economic Economic factors refer to the condition of the trading state in which the business operates in. It includes exchange rates, money supply, changing consumption patterns and power and trade cycles. All these factors will impact the operation and decision making of an organisation. For example, in an economy in which the organisation is in is experiencing economic growth. The organisation would expand leading to change and leaders must establish control during the transition period. Leaders must develop a new vision, direction, new plan and to allocate resources properly to deal with the change (Hayes, 2007). Socio-Cultural Socio-cultural factor consists of having the elements of customs, moral values and demographics of the society where the organisation operates in. It affects business ethics and operations across countries so leaders must be mindful of the different customer preferences within national boundaries. For example, MacDonalds do not sell pork items in its menu in Singapore due to the differences in religious practices in the multi-racial environment; whereas in Thailand this acceptable. Change in employees attitude towards education, work and leisure which will impact on labour force and consumption demand. Leaders should produce a working environment that is conductive enough to motivate them and improve efficiency (Hayes, 2007; Griffin Ebert, 2006). Technological Technology is defines as innovations applied into society and organisations to carry out tasks. Some examples are level of investment in Research and Development (RD), availability of new materials and new production process. Technology is constantly changing and hence staying ahead of competitors has been increasingly difficult. Organisation must have the latest equipment, processes and resources to deal with technology change. Leaders must make sure that organisational structure, vision and resources align with technological aspect. Leaders must ensure that sufficient funds are allocated on RD for better technology to improve competitiveness and gain competitive advantage (Griffin Ebert, 2006; Hayes, 2007). 4.3 Findings: Implication of PEST and SWOT Analysis The interview findings (Appendix C) show that the organisation adopts a top down approach management style by the head office in Indonesia. PEST analysis is recommended so leaders in Indonesia will be able to improve on its decision-making process as it allows them to assess Singapores market potential, situation and business development. It encourages proactive thinking and allows them to plan ahead. With the analysis, leaders will know their present position, environment and how they can develop in the future. As they do not understand the impact and situation of external factors; they will need PEST to understand Singapores regulations, labor market, economy, customers, competition and technology. The analysis at external level helps to identify opportunities and threats of the external environment. With PEST, there will be detailed preparation and formulation of strategic plans, good leadership skills can be deployed to anticipate change and align businesss vision. The regional office will have better decision making process, productivity, competitive advantage and sense of belonging in employees. An example of the PEST analysis of the organisation is as follows: Singapores Regional Office -PEST Analysis * Data adapted from Morrisons website (2009) External Environment Factors Potential Impact: (+) / (-) Relative Importance Political Strict Government Legislation in Singapore High Opportunity Critical Labour Law (Singapore) Medium Opportunity Critical Political Instabilities in Indonesia High Threat Critical Economic Economic Downturn High Threat Critical Decrease in Consumers Demand and Investments High Threat Critical Stable Money supply Medium Opportunity Critical Social Demographic Trends Low Opportunity Unimportant Consumers Change in Preference and Attitudes High Threat Critical Attitudes towards Work and Employment High Threat Critical Technological Technology Revolution and Development High Opportunity Critical R D High Opportunity Critical New Production Processes/Ideas/Innovation High Opportunity Critical 5.0 LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION 5.1 Communication Barriers The lack of communication, especially in terms of feedback from employees whom are familiar with the local demands of customers, coupled with stringent cost cutting measures could said to have contributed to poor sales performance. Many consumers are unaware of products that the regional office is offering due to lack of budget in generating brand awareness. Comparing to the bigger players whom have higher levels of economies of scale, it would definitely lose out in terms of its revenues. The regional office does not hold any weekly meeting within departments and there are no consultative approaches. Head offices quarterly meetings are only held with regional manager to obtain report solely on its current business performances. There are no established channels to voice employees feedback to the head office and it often results in a lack of information for proper accomplishment of tasks. Without proper communication structure, there is no room for improvement and employees will commit the same mistakes repeatedly. This would also mean that the head office would be unfamiliar with Singapores working environment, which would result in ineffective communications amongst the employees. Robbins Judge (2008) stated that communication is the life support for any organisation and it plays a vital role in the change process. Communication links people who believe in a common cause and unites them with a common vision to achieve goal congruence for the organisation. 5.2 Styles of Communication 5.2.1 Downward and Upward Communication Leaders would engage in top-down communication to disseminate information/goals, inform job procedures and highlight problems (Robbins Judge, 2008). Gilley et al. (2009) argued that in times of change, leaders must provide employees with abundant and value-added information with regards to change. Leaders must give justifications for rationale for change and also address employees concerns. Well-developed rationalizations are more likely to be accepted as employees acceptance and participation depend on their perception of personal benefits associated with the change. Hence, proper explanation and feedback is important for leaders to work on in areas of change to increase employees acceptance. Upward communication is used by employees to provide feedback, inform progress and issues towards goals to leaders. It is important for leaders to know about how employees feel and to allow for opportunities for growth and improvement. Upward communication has its limitation whereby leaders are overwhelmed and distracted. Employees morale would be affected as it would be time-consuming and demoralizing if it is difficult to get their leaders attention (Robbins Judge, 2008). Hayes (2007) exclaims that without proper upward/downward communication, it will lead to organisational silence which is a major barrier to change. One illustration within the cited organisation Due to Indonesias culture, leaders like to be respected and will disregard negative feedback from subordinates as a form of attack on their credibility. A culture might be cultivated whereby employees might be afraid to voice out the truth to their leaders. It is a double-edged sword when employees do not highlight issues to leaders and leaders will find it tough to get employees to accept change. In times of change, leaders must acquire a diverse set of effective communication techniques to convince employees to embrace a new breakthrough (Robbins Judge, 2008). In contrast, leadership ambivalence reduces acceptance to change and increases resistance. Communications should be regular, motivating and yet achievable. Unfulfilled vision will weaken leadership credibility leading to employees feeling a sense of injustice. Gilley et al. (2009) explain that employees whom experienced unjust treatment would be resentful towards their superiors, thus destroying commitment. Being honest and fair when things go wrong enables employees to accept an undesirable outcome. Therefore, there is a need for realistic and truthful communication that includes communicating negative aspects of change implementations when necessary. 5.2.2 Communication Strategy In every change process, communication plays a big part for leaders to ensure a smooth transition. There are five basic communication strategies (Hayes, 2007): Spray and Pray Showing all the information and hope others can understand and share the vision. The effectiveness is low as it depends on employees perspective of what is important. One major drawback is that the employees would be overloaded, thus increasing resistance. Tell and Sell Leaders would only communicate the core issues that relate to the change and pushes the idea for acceptance. This strategy is a one-way-communication process without any channels for meaningful feedbacks to express concern. Employees will tend to feel uncommitted as little input is required from them. Underscore and explore Similar to the Tell and Sell, but the sender listens to the receivers feedback to prevent misunderstanding. This is a very effective communication method as leaders would listens to employees concern to clear embedded doubts/queries. Identify and reply This is a reactive approach as leaders will listen and respond to the employees concerns which would guide employees out of complexity. One short-coming is that employees might not be aware of the critical issues currently hence, it might be time-consuming. Withhold and uphold Most of the information are withheld and employees are unaware of the real situation. Leaders who adopt this strategy are power-oriented and think that employees are not capable enough to handle core issues. This strategy will lead to dissatisfaction and mistrust amongst employees. Communication can be an effective tool in shaping organisational cultural value in motivating employees, providing feedback and reinforcement during the change. This would foster an environment with better decision making process to deal with obstacles (Gilley et al., 2009). 5.3 Findings: Implication towards Effective Communication Base on the interview findings (Appendix C), the organisation adopts the Withhold and uphold strategy to deal with the downsizing exercise. As leaders in head office are power-oriented due to Indonesias culture, they make decisions without consultation with regional office. Subordinates are expected to carry out requests of the retrenchment in exacting detail. As there are no justifications for the change and unable to express concern, employees are feeling resentful and thus causing the high turnover. There is also lack of proper downward/upward communication between the two offices. It leads to the improper sharing of information which results in inefficiency. One recent incident that happened that illustrates this effectively. The Head office had instructed the dealers to return an outstanding consignment of laptops and they had made arrangements to ship it back to Indonesia. However, this message was not communicated to the regional sales executive. She was unaware of this agreed communication, continued to send e-mails, reminding the dealers about the outstanding consignment. Such miscommunications inevitably tarnish the organisations reputation as the dealer was very unhappy and spread this among other dealers. She was made responsible for this miscommunication and feedbacks by her were rebuked. As remaining colleagues felt unjust for the sales executive, the miscommunication drove conflict between head office further and aggravated the misunderstandings and hostilities. In t he long run, with only top down communication and no feedback, it will lead to organisational silent with disastrous consequences. As the main problem lies with the internal communication of the organisation, leaders needs to resolve the problem by setting up basic structures to promote effective communications. For the head office to improve relationships with employees, internal communications must consist of the personal touch. Electronic communications cannot be a substitute for personal interactions. Going forward after the retrenchment, leaders should convey messages personally to their employees as this allow opportunities to clarify complex or sensitive issues. Leaders must foster an open environment, using underscore and explore strategy which allows feedback as communication is a two-way street in any change process. Leaders must have an open-mind to be more receptive to new ideas from employees. Regional manager should hold weekly meetings within departments to gather information and feedbacks. It would help employees to understand and follow up with the outstanding issues and for the managers to establish their authority. Constructive feedback from employees would help to identify problems which help the organisation to improve. By keeping employees informed and involved with the implementation of change programs; it would help increase the commitment levels and increase productivity. 6.0 STYLES OF LEADERSHIP 6.1 Leadership Role in Change Process The organisational structure emphasizes on top-down hierarchy authority and major decisions are made by the head office. The top-down leadership approach and strictly-defined job scopes reduces the employees into becoming merely cogs of the machines, where they would merely perform the bare minimum within their stated job scopes, with minimal dedication to what they do. As such, everyone will only specialize in what they are doing, without a clear picture of the main business objectives, which impedes innovation and quality improvements. Weak leadership is also shown by the surprise retrenchment exercise, which caught many employees in the regional office off-guard. Without proper leadership to establish/lead new direction after the retrenchment, it eventually might be a possible factor that would lead to the downfall to the organisation. Kotter (Senior Fleming, 2006) emphasise that in all change process, effective leadership is needed to establish direction (develop vision/strategy), align members (communication to gain cooperation/acceptance), motivate and inspire (leading members to overcome various barriers) and overcoming change. 6.2 Transactional Leadership Robbins Judge (2008) indicated that transactional leadership would ultimately influence employees into the direction of achieving pre-established organisational goals by being task-oriented. Transactional leaders aim to maintain the status quos by making use of contingent and monetary rewards for effort and good performances. They would state their expectations; establish rules and procedures, and emphasize a fair deal with their employees. When work is allocated to employees, the leaders would expect them to take full responsibility. If the tasks are not performed to expectations, employees would be held liable. Hence, it is important for leaders to engage in open forms of communication to bring about mutual trust between employees and themselves. Contributions should be acknowledged and rewarded by the leaders towards their employees according to the industry standards, so as to bring about job satisfaction. However, Hoogh et al. (2005) argued that stringent goals, rules and procedures due to transactional leadership would only promote stable work environment with high degrees of structures. It results in employees having little ambiguity in pursing the goals. The lack of ambiguity would help ensure fairness and set straightforward guidelines. Moreover, with stability, it would not promote inducements or opportunities for change. Employees would not be motivated to perform beyond expectations. They would not be flexible and innovative enough to response quickly and effectively to environmental change; it would be difficult for the transactional leaders to bring about change. 6.3 Transformational Leadership Kotter (Senior Fleming, 2006) Robbins Judge (2008) agree that transformation leaders goes beyond transactional leadership by inspiring members to achieve goals, paying attention to their needs and encouraging new breakthrough in goal attainments. They will make use of charisma (providing vision, direction and gaining trust), inspiration (using communication/symbols to get things done), intellectual stimulation (promoting participation and problem solving) and individualized consideration (treating individual members equally/individually) to handle change. Transformation leaders will encourage followers to be more innovative and creative to increase efficiency. Hence, Followers would push beyond boundaries to pursue ambitious goals/vision of organisation, be more committed and will pursue it with due importance. Transformation leadership is able to induce higher levels of motivation and satisfaction leading to higher performance. There will also be lower turnover, higher productivi ty and lower stress levels. Transformational leadership is critical in helping mangers to identify change, which would in turn aid them with leading and managing change by ensuring effective communications and encouraging acceptance. Transformational leadership will ensure vital planning and design assumptions to allow leaders to recognise change by paying attention to the external environment, financial resources, and company staffing. In addition, it ensures proper management of formal and informal relationships between members to increase change momentum and improve managerial change interventions. Finally, it helps to overcome employees resistances when the organisation is disturbed by initiatives to change (Karp Helgo, 2009). 6.4 Leaders Checklist for Leading Change Every leader can adopt a process perspective on change management on top of the above-mentioned leadership approaches by adopting a checklist to control the change process and ensure smooth transitions (Kotter, 1999). Establishing Sense of Urgency Leaders must alert employees to need for change by creating a sense of urgency. They should begin examining the organisations external environment and communicate these findings to induce aggressive cooperation of employees and motivate them to change. Forming Powerful Coalition Leaders should form a competent strong team with expertise and have sense of urgency to kick start the change process. Leaders must lead the team to assess the problems, identify opportunities and change the mind of oppositions. Creating Vision The coalition team would need to create a shared vision to clarify the possible attainable directions, thus providing a guideline about organisations future to the employees. It must be flexible to encourage involvement and develop strategies to deal with the change. Leaders must allocate ample time to develop the shared vision so that it would be ingrained as a strong set of shared values. Communicating the Vision Leaders should communicate the vision as it would establish the direction, commitment and learning within the organisation towards the structural changes. They must use every method to communicate the new vision and strategies to ensure that employees understand and make short-term personal sacrifices in order to help the organisation achieve its goals. Empowering Others to Act on Vision through Leadership Good leadership skills are needed to lead transformational change and raise demands that are consistent with overall change effort. Leaders must remove obstacles and encourage risk taking to generate more creative actions to support the vision. Leaders must make use of compensation to encourage employees acceptances of new vision. Planning and Creating Short Term Wins Leaders should plan, and create visible performance improvements and reward employees involved in the change improvements. As changes cannot take place overnight, it should be implemented in phrases, allowing time for maturity. The short-term goals in phases would act as a source of motivation in continual efforts for change. Consolidating Improvements and Producing More Changes Leaders should capitalize on early wins but should not declare victory too early should there be any possible amendments to the winning efforts; and use that as further motivation for continued and subsequent changes. Next, leaders should use increased creditability due to short term improvements to overcome the current structures that are not in alignment with the vision. Institutionalizing New Approaches Leaders need to ensure that change is consolidated by showing employees how change has produced optimal performance. Every opportunity should be taken to demonstrate the benefit Cervical Cancer: An Action Plan Cervical Cancer: An Action Plan INTRODUCTION Cervical Cancer also recognized by ‘cancer of the cervix’ occurs from the tissue of the cervix. The cervix is a component of the female reproductive system, which also encompasses the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina and vulva (Australian Government-Cancer Australia, 2014). The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is sometimes called the neck of the uterus. Cervical Cancer affects the cells of the lower part of the uterus that joins the inner end of the vagina also known as the uterine cervix (Cancer Council Victoria, 2014). In Victoria 179 women were diagnosed in 2010 with cervical cancer (Department of Health 2014). This is considered to be the twelfth most common cancer in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Canberra, 2013) and has a much greater impact on indigenous women than non-indigenous complements. An indication of evidence shows that 59% of the women population died from this disease. According to Vic toria Health, 85% of women developed cervical cancer and either never had conducted a Pap smear test or failed to follow the recommended two yearly screening programs therefore leaded to a lack of participation in cervical screening which is one of the main risk factors for cervical cancer and is common against Indigenous women. Due to the inadequate time frame and the availability of health services such as the Bunurong Health service, Dandenong and District Aborigines Co-operative Limited to contribute in the project, the Indigenous population in the City of Greater Dandenong is the focus of this assignment. The objective of this is to reduce the occurrence of cervical cancer rates among Indigenous women in the City of Greater Dandenong over a three year plan. The strategies conversed in the project involvement plan by engaging the broader participation of indigenous people and their culture imparting a holistic approach to addressing this specific issue. Intensifying cultural awa reness and cultural safety is also a significant component. This realization plan will focus mainly on two detailed strategies: to familiarize and educate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in the City of Greater Dandenong by 50% informing about the new and easy technology use for cervical screening to reduce the pain and discomfort by 2015-2017. Another significant strategy is to ensure that the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women diagnosed with cervical cancer are met physically, culturally, spiritually and medically within the timeframe of three years 2015-2017. This curriculum will provide two-yearly Pap tests to women aged 18-69 for the early detection of cervical cancer. This implementation plan will initially present an action plan and next it will discuss about methods that have been used to encourage sustainability. Then methods of communication, which will be developed to connect stakeholders involved in the assignment, will be conversed along wit h the supply of resources. ACTION PLAN STRATEGY 1:To familiarize and educate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in the City of Greater Dandenong by 50% informing about the new and easy technology use for cervical screening to reduce the pain and discomfort by 2015-2017. STRATEGY 2: To ensure that the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women diagnosed with cervical cancer are met physically, culturally, spiritually and medically within the timeframe of three years 2015-2017. SUSTAINABLITY Attention to the sustainability in a community based cervical cancer; controlled program over a 3 year period must have extensive experience in planning implementing and evaluating a program which engage the indigenous aboriginal women, to educate women in City of Greater Dandenong. To sustain the program of prevention of cervical cancer, various steps must be put in place to maintain that the sustainability in the implementation scheme (Shediac-Rizkallah Bone, 1998, p.87-108). For instance, an entire program may be continued under its original or an alternative organizational structure, parts of the program be institutionalized as individual components, or there may be a transfer of the whole or parts to the community ownership (Shediac-Rizkallah Bone, 1998, p.87-108). In 2013 an study conducted by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare identified the main changed that would be needed to occur and which stakeholders would be likely to be impacted. Projects with training (p rofessional and paraprofessional components are more likely to be sustained than those without: those trained can continue to provide benefits, train others and form a constituency in support of the program. As strategy 1 states that it is aimed to familiarize and educate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in the City of Greater Dandenong by 50% informing about the new and easy technology use for cervical screening to reduce the pain and discomfort. Therefore; by having general community and professional monthly and or yearly meetings and follow ups will help the project be sustained for a longer period of time and this will be evident with the use of data towards the participation of Pap screening tests for the population of Indigenous women. The results of this data in future within the 3 year time frame will help to detect whether more education and support implants are needed to be put in place culturally, physically and mentally or whether the results show an increase towards the population of Pap screening tests for cervical cancer in Indigenous women specifically. Topromote ongoing skills, development in health promotion and training/education, by allocating half a day to train the leadership skills and furthermore; being qualified to maintain their relationship with the Indigenous women for better health. It is important to train the trainers to help health services and programs to be sustained, patient-centered care, self-management support and behaviour change within their organisations therefore will be structured to be continued for the management and progress (Practice change requires staff skills development and systems implementation planning, 2013). For that reason, where the team will identify a reliable person who will be appropriate for the subject of leadership in future and have a greater understanding of the vision and management skills about health project towards the Aboriginal culture. Managing the culturally supportive environment for the Indigenous women will encourage the team to promote and achieve the sustainability and health promotion goals. COMMUNICATION To build a therapeutic relationship among indigenous women is quintessential; Health workers must gain trust and build rapport and considering their cultural background. There are various stakeholders one needs to consider while promoting health. For instance; while developing and delivering Aboriginal specific cervical screening health promotion training to health professionals, health promotion workers, aboriginal health workers and others who are working within the project. However; to establish organizational supports, such as local advisory committees, and in order for the project to develop effective relationships, within the Indigenous women committee (Gruen et al., 2008, p, 1579-89). One of the key strategies to achieve in this project is to train local clinicians to provide education and awareness about Pap screenings and cervical cancer to Aboriginal women in a form of considering their cultural background. Public is the first and prime stakeholders as the implementation of health promotion plan deals within the public domain (Hetzel, Glover, Gruszin. 2012). Apart from public, local councils and local councilors, Australian Health department and party workers were in the middle stakeholders (Gruen et al., 2008, p, 1579-89). Medical expert’s dealing in the treatment and research institute where diseases are the first lane resources, therefore; is vital to be included in any plan in prevention for cervical cancer (Anne F.Rositch, Michelle I. Silver, Patti E. Gravitt, 2014). CONCLUSION In conclusion, cultural barriers prevent Aboriginal women from seeking for their sexual and reproductive health and creative strategies are needed to encourage Aboriginal women to attend for Pap screens. For example: Information needs to be presented to the community in a format and language that is understandable to the target population. Services need to be provided in a safe and confidential environment and services need to be available on a â€Å"walk up basis† to avoid the need for appointments which can lead to a fear of loss of privacy and confidentiality. Due to cultural impediments, past research has proven that the establishment of women’s advisory committee was/is a strong scheme as a strategy to facilitate the promotion of the project within the community by engaging respect within the community and the women who are involved in the project so they could promote to the targeted group. In order to continue the momentum started by the project, community awareness of the need for cervical screening, needs to be maintained and raised contained by the Aboriginal women. This will require ongoing consultation with the community and ongoing health promotion activity which has been mentioned above. Ongoing involvement and collaboration with other community stakeholders such as Bunurong Health Services, Local Government – Victoria, Victorian Aboriginal Health Service, Cancer Council- Victoria, Royal Women’s Hospital Aboriginal Advisory Unit, Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and City of Greater Dandenong are also seen as dominant too long term success in increasing awareness and promotion of cervical screening in the City of Greater Dandenong among Aboriginal and Indigenous women.